{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:00:54Z","timestamp":1787018454413,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.3.379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:17:33Z","timestamp":1659097053000},"page":"379-385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Childhood Trauma and Perceived Parental Dysfunction in the Etiology of Dissociative Symptoms in Psychiatric Inpatients"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Nel","family":"Draijer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willie","family":"Langeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"230","reference":[{"key":"R1563BABJEDIC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiegel D, Carde\u00ef\u00bf\u00bda E: Disintegrated experience: the dissociative disorders revisited. J Abnorm Psychol 1991; 100:366\u2013378","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.100.3.366"},{"key":"R1563BABGEHGG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Kolk BA, van der Hart O: Pierre Janet and the breakdown of adaptation in psychological trauma. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:1530\u20131540","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.12.1530"},{"key":"R1563BABGHBDI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankel FH: Adult reconstruction of childhood events in the multiple personality literature. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:954\u2013958","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.6.954"},{"key":"R1563BABBAHGA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nash MR, Hulsey TL, Sexton MC, Harralson TL, Lambert W: Long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: perceived family environment, psychopathology, and dissociation. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993; 61:276\u2013283","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.61.2.276"},{"key":"R1563BABDCABC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bremner JD, Southwick S, Brett E, Fontana A, Rosenheck R, Charney DS: Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:328\u2013332","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.3.328"},{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Jordan BK, Kulka RA, Hough RL: Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:902\u2013907","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.6.902"},{"key":"R1563BABHADBD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carde\u00ef\u00bf\u00bda E, Spiegel D: Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay Area earthquake of 1989. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:474\u2013478","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.3.474"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freinkel A, Koopman C, Spiegel D: Dissociative symptoms in media eyewitnesses of an execution. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1335\u20131339","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.9.1335"},{"key":"R1563BABHBGFB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koopman C, Classen C, Spiegel D: Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland\/Berkeley, Calif, firestorm. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:888\u2013894","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.6.888"},{"key":"R1563BABGEBEC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bremner JD, Steinberg M, Southwick SM, Johnson DR, Charney DS: Use of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders for systematic assessment of dissociative symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:1011\u20131014","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.7.1011"},{"key":"R1563BABCDDCA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dancu CV, Riggs DS, Hearst-Ikeda DE, Shoyer BG, Foa EB: Dissociative experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder among female victims of criminal assault and rape. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9:253\u2013267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02110659"},{"key":"R1563BABBGHEI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernstein EM, Putnam FW: Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986; 174:727\u2013735","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198612000-00004"},{"key":"R1563BABBJGID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu JA, Dill DL: Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:887\u2013892","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.7.887"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiTomasso MJ, Routh DK: Recall of abuse in childhood and three measures of dissociation. Child Abuse Negl 1993; 17:477\u2013485","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(93)90022-W"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirby JS, Chu JA, Dill DL: Correlates of dissociative symptomatology in patients with physical and sexual abuse histories. Compr Psychiatry 1993; 34:258\u2013263","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(93)90008-R"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Draijer N: Dissociatie en trauma bij psychiatrische patinten [Dissociation and trauma in psychiatric inpatients]. Maandblad Geestelijke volksgezondheid [J Ment Disease] 1994; 8:811\u2013828"},{"key":"R1563BABEFIFA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zlotnick C, Begin A, Shea T, Pearlstein T, Simpson E, Costello E: The relationship between characteristics of sexual abuse and dissociative experiences. Compr Psychiatry 1994; 35:465\u2013470","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90230-5"},{"key":"R1563BABBGCAH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinberg M, Rounsaville B, Cicchetti DV: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Dissociative Disorders: preliminary report on a new diagnostic instrument. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:76\u201382","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.1.76"},{"key":"R1563BABFEDCD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swett C, Halpert M: Reported history of physical and sexual abuse in relation to dissociation and other symptomatology in women psychiatric inpatients. J Interpersonal Violence 1993; 8:545\u2013555","DOI":"10.1177\/088626093008004009"},{"key":"R1563BABBDIIE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulder RT, Beautrais AL, Joyce PR, Fergusson DM: Relationship between dissociation, childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, and mental illness in a general population sample. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:806\u2013811","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.6.806"},{"key":"R1563BABEBCGJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putnam FW, Helmers K, Horowitz LA, Trickett PK: Hypnotizability and dissociativity in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse Negl 1995; 19:645\u2013655","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(95)00022-Z"},{"key":"R1563BABHIJCI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blatt SJ, Wein Sarte J, Chevron E, Quinlan DM: Parental representations and depression in normal young adults. J Abnorm Psychol 1979; 88:388\u2013397","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.88.4.388"},{"key":"R1563BABDAGBH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mullen PE, Martin JL, Anderson JC, Romans SE, Herbison GP: The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: a community study. Child Abuse Negl 1996; 20:7\u201321","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(95)00112-3"},{"key":"R1563BABFACIA","unstructured":"Barach PMM: Multiple personality disorder as an attachment disorder. Dissociation 1991; 4:117\u2013123"},{"key":"R1563BABBGJEB","unstructured":"Liotti G: Disorganized\/disoriented attachment in the etiology of the dissociative disorders. Dissociation 1992; 5:196\u2013204"},{"key":"R1563BABEBDIC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irwin HJ: Proneness to dissociation and traumatic childhood events. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994; 182:456\u2013460","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199408000-00006"},{"key":"R1563BABEHHIC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zlotnick C, Shea MT, Zakriski A, Costello E, Begin A, Pearlstein T, Simpson E: Stressors and close relationships during childhood and dissociative experiences in survivors of sexual abuse among inpatient psychiatric women. Compr Psychiatry 1995; 36:207\u2013212","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(95)90083-8"},{"key":"R1563BABCGDFJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irwin HJ: Traumatic childhood events, perceived availability of emotional support, and the development of dissociative tendencies. Child Abuse Negl 1996; 20:701\u2013707","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(96)00058-0"},{"key":"R1563BABIFIAC","unstructured":"Ross CA, Norton GR, Anderson G: The Dissociative Experiences Scale: a replication study. Dissociation 1988; 1:21\u201322"},{"key":"R1563BABBCEEJ","unstructured":"Frischholz EJ, Braun BG, Sachs GR, Hopkins L, Shaeffer DM, Lewis J, Leavitt F, Pasquotto JN, Schwartz DR: The Dissociative Experiences Scale: further replication and validation. Dissociation 1990; 3:151\u2013153"},{"key":"R1563BABDAJCB","unstructured":"Ensink BJ, van Otterloo D: A validation study of the DES in the Netherlands. Dissociation 1989; 2:221\u2013223"},{"key":"R1563BABHFAFI","unstructured":"Draijer N, Boon S: The validation of the Dissociative Experiences Scale against the criterion of the SCID-D, using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Dissociation 1993; 6:28\u201337"},{"key":"R1563BABIAJDD","unstructured":"Coe MT, Dalenberg CJ, Aransky KM, Reto CS: Adult attachment style, reported childhood violence and types of dissociative experiences. Dissociation 1995; 8:142\u2013154"},{"key":"R1563BABCIEBJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briere J, Elliott DM: Sexual abuse, family environment, and psychological symptoms: on the validity of statistical control. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993; 61:284\u2013288","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006X.61.2.284"},{"key":"R1563BABGBJBF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paris J: Memories of abuse in borderline patients: true or false? Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1995; 3:10\u201317","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229509017160"},{"key":"R1563BABCBJEC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leavitt F: False attribution of suggestibility to explain recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse following extended amnesia. Child Abuse Negl 1997; 21:265\u2013272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(96)00171-8"},{"key":"R1563BABHIDHB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waller NG, Putnam FW, Carlson EB: Types of dissociation and dissociative types: a taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychol Methods 1996; 1:300\u2013321","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1082-989X.1.3.300"},{"key":"R1563BABHJIFI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esman AH: \u201cSexual abuse,\u201d pathogenesis, and enlightened skepticism (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1101\u20131103","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1101"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/ajp.156.3.379","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T02:01:24Z","timestamp":1727661684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/ajp.156.3.379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/ajp.156.3.379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.156.3.379","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-953X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-7228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]}}}