{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:00:18Z","timestamp":1789736418000,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:20:15Z","timestamp":1659097215000},"page":"1417-1420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":210,"title":["Elevated Frequency of Diabetes Mellitus in Hospitalized Manic-Depressive Patients"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Frederick","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Ahearn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"230","reference":[{"key":"R1569CDDJGAIA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kooy FH: Hyperglycaemia in mental disorders. Brain 1919; 42:214\u2013289","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/42.3.214"},{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidema ST: Blutzuckerbestimmungen bei psychiatrischen und neurologischen Patienten. Z Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1919; 48:111\u2013129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02871877"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raphael T, Parsons JP: Blood sugar studies in dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1921; 5:681\u2013709","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1921.02180300052005"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowie DM, Parsons JP, Raphael T: Insulin and mental depression. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1924; 12:522\u2013533","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1924.02200050037004"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig RN: Blood sugar curves in certain mental disorders. Lancet 1927; 1:1925\u20131927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)75254-8"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogen D: Blutuntersuchungen der Clyclophreniker mit der biologischen Methode. Z Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1928; 117:569\u2013584","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02876551"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowman KM, Kasanin J: The sugar content of the blood in emotional states. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1929; 21:342\u2013362","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1929.02210200098008"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCowan PK, Quastel JH: Blood-sugar studies in abnormal mental states. J Ment Sci 1931; 77:525\u2013548","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.77.318.525"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehorn JC: The blood sugar in relation to emotional reactions. Am J Psychiatry 1934; 90:987\u20131005","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.90.5.987"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diethelm O: Influence of emotions on dextrose tolerance. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1936; 36:342\u2013360","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1936.02260080114007"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Tod H, Jones MS: Studies on carbohydrate metabolism in nervous and mental disorders and depressive states. Edinburgh Med J 1937; 44:44\u201346"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Tod H: Studies on carbohydrate metabolism in nervous and mental disorders and depressive states. Edinburgh Med J 1936; 43:524\u2013527"},{"key":"R1569CDDCCEIH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFarland RA, Goldstein H: The biochemistry of manic-depressive psychosis: a review. Am J Psychiatry 1939; 96:21\u201358","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.96.1.21"},{"key":"R1569CDDEHIFH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gildea EF, McLean VL, Man EB: Oral and intravenous dextrose tolerance curves of patients with manic-depressive psychosis. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1943; 49:852\u2013859","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1943.02290180076007"},{"key":"R1569CDDFJJGD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Velde CD, Gordon MW: Manic-depressive illness, diabetes mellitus, and lithium carbonate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1969; 21:478\u2013485","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1969.01740220094011"},{"key":"R1569CDDGDCGB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lilliker S: Prevalence of diabetes in a manic-depressive population. Compr Psychiatry 1980; 21:270\u2013275","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(80)90030-9"},{"key":"R1569CDDCGHFI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris MI, Hadden WC, Knowler WC, Bennett PH: Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and plasma glucose levels in US population aged 20\u201374 yr. Diabetes 1987; 36:523\u2013534","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.36.4.523"},{"key":"R1569CDDFIAGC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melton LJ, Palumbo PJ, Che CP: Incidence of diabetes mellitus by clinical type. Diabetes Care 1983; 6:75\u201386","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.6.1.75"},{"key":"R1569CDDEFHHH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McInnis MG: Recent advances in the genetics of bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Annals 1997; 27:482\u2013488","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19970701-09"},{"key":"R1569CDDGICFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todd JA, Bain SC: A practical approach to identification of susceptibility genes for IDDM. Diabetes 1992; 41:1029\u20131034","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.41.9.1029"},{"key":"R1569CDDCFIAG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faas S, Trucco M: The genes influencing the susceptibility to IDDM in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 1994; 17:477\u2013495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347743"},{"key":"R1569CDDBAHFI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egeland JA, Gerhard DS, Pauls DL, Sussex JN, Kidd KK, Allen CR, Hostetter AM, Housman DE: Bipolar affective disorders linked to DNA markers on chromosome 11. Nature 1987; 325:783\u2013787","DOI":"10.1038\/325783a0"},{"key":"R1569CDDGAEHA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelsoe JR, Ginns EI, Egeland JA, Gerhard DS, Goldstein AM, Bale SJ, Pauls DL, Long RT, Kidd KK, Conte G, Housman DE, Paul SM: Re-evaluation of the linkage relationship between chromosome 11p loci and the gene for bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. Nature 1989; 342:238\u2013243","DOI":"10.1038\/342238a0"},{"key":"R1569CDDIDJEC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meloni R, Leboyer M, Bellivier F, Barbe B, Samolyk D, Allilaire JF, Mallet J: Association of manic-depressive illness with tyrosine hydroxylase microsatellite marker (letter). Lancet 1995; 345:932","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90053-5"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todd RD, O\u2019Malley KL: Population frequencies of tyrosine hydroxylase restriction fragment length polymorphisms in bipolar affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1989; 25:626\u2013630","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(89)90223-0"},{"key":"R1569CDDEHAIB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leboyer M, Malafosse A, Boularand S, Campion D, Gheysen F, Samolyk D, Henriksson B, Denise E, des Lauriers A, Lepine JP, Sarifian E, Clerget-Darpoux F, Mallet J: Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphisms associated with manic-depressive illness (letter). Lancet 1990; 335:1219","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92738-4"},{"key":"R1569CDDFHIBC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeJong RN: The nervous system complication of diabetes mellitus, with special reference to cerebrovascular changes. J Nerv Ment Dis 1950; 111:181\u2013206","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-195011130-00001"},{"key":"R1569CDDHEIAI","unstructured":"Bell ET: A postmortem study of vascular disease in diabetes. Arch Pathol 1952; 53:444\u2013455"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alex M, Baron EK, Goldenberg S, Blumenthal HT: An autopsy study of cerebrovascular accident in diabetes mellitus. Circulation 1962; 25:663\u2013673","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.25.4.663"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Aronson SM, Aronson BE: Intracranial vascular lesion in diabetes mellitus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1960; 19:152\u2013153"},{"key":"R1569CDDIBEHJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aronson SM, Aronson BE: Intracranial vascular lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1973; 32:183\u2013196","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197304000-00001"},{"key":"R1569CDDIGCCA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupont RM, Jernigan TL, Butters N, Delis D, Hesselink JR, Heindel W, Gillin JC: Subcortical abnormalities detected in bipolar affective disorder using magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:55\u201359","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810130057008"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swayze VW II, Andreasen NC, Alliger RJ, Ehrhardt JC, Yuh WT: Structural brain abnormalities in bipolar affective disorder: ventricular enlargement and focal signal hyperintensities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:1054\u20131059","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810230070011"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Figiel GS, Krishnan KRR, Rao VP, Doraiswamy M, Ellinwood EH, Nemeroff CB, Evans D, Boyko O: Subcortical hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison of normal and bipolar subjects. J Neuropsychiatry 1991; 3:18\u201322"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strakowski SM, Woods BT, Tohen M, Wilson DR, Douglass AW, Stoll AL: MRI subcortical signal hyperintensities in mania at first hospitalization. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 22:204\u2013206","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90140-9"},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"McDonald WM, Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PR, Blazer D: The occurrence of subcortical hyperintensities in elderly subjects with mania. Psychiatry Res 1995; 40:785\u2013788"},{"key":"R1569CDDJGABH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahearn EP, Steffens DC, Cassidy F, Van Meter SA, Provenzale JM, Seldin MF, Weisler RH, Krishnan KRR: Familial leukoencephalopathy in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:1605\u20131607","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.11.1605"},{"key":"R1569CDDFGDID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kertesz A, Black SE, Tokar G, Benke T, Carr T, Nicholson L: Periventricular and subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging: \u201crims, caps, and unidentified bright objects.\u201d Arch Neurol 1988; 45:404\u2013408","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520280050015"},{"key":"R1569CDDIIBCH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Diabetes Data Group: Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979; 28:1039\u20131057","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.28.12.1039"},{"key":"R1569CDDEJIFD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Board F, Wadeson R, Persy H: Depressive affect and endocrine functions. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1957; 78:612\u2013620","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1957.02330420072015"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbons RD: Cortisol secretion in depressive illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1964; 10:572\u2013575","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1964.01720240026004"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo ND, Fox HM, Laidlaw JC, Thorn GW: Concurrent observations of behavior changes and of adrenocortical variation in a cyclothymic patient during a period of 12 months. Ann Intern Med 1954; 41:798\u2013815","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-41-4-798"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunney WE Jr, Hartmann EL, Mason JW: Study of a patient with 48-hour manic-depressive cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965; 12:619\u2013625","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1965.01720360091015"},{"key":"R1569CDDJBIJF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy SH, Tighe S, McVeyk G, Brown GM: Melatonin and cortisol \u201cswitches\u201d during mania, depression and euthymia in a drug-free bipolar patient. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989; 177:203\u2013205","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198905000-00009"},{"key":"R1569CDDHEAFD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platman SR, Fieve RR: Lithium carbonate and plasma cortisol response in affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1968; 18:591\u2013594","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1968.01740050079013"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter WC Jr, Bunney WE Jr: Diurnal rhythm of cortisol in mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 25:270\u2013273","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1971.01750150078011"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sachar ED: Twenty-four hour cortisol secretory patterns in depressed and manic patients. Prog Brain Res 1975; 42:81\u201391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63647-X"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akesode A, Hendler N, Kowarski AA: A 24-hr monitoring of the integrated plasma concentration of aldosterone and cortisol in manic patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1976; 1:419\u2013426","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(76)90009-3"},{"key":"R1569CDDFEEJF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cookson JC, Silverstone T, Williams S, Besser GM: Plasma cortisol levels in mania: associated clinical ratings and changes during treatment with haloperidol. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 146:498\u2013502","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.146.5.498"},{"key":"R1569CDDIGJHI","unstructured":"Carroll BJ, Feinberg M, Greden JF, Tarika J, Albala AA, Haskett RF, James NM, Kronfol Z, Lohr N, Steiner M, de Vigne JP, Young E: A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia: standardization, validation, and clinical utility. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38:15\u201322"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson JI, Hudson MS, Rothschild AJ, Vignati L, Schatzberg AF, Melby JC: Abnormal results of dexamethasone suppression tests in depressed patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41:1086\u20131089","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790220076012"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron OG, Kronfol Z, Greden JF, Carroll BJ: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41:1090\u20131095","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790220080013"},{"key":"R1569CDDBIDFJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy F, Ritchie JC, Carroll BJ: Dexamethasone plasma concentration and cortisol response during manic episodes. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43:747\u2013754","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00274-6"},{"key":"R1569CDDCFDBC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibuka N, Kawamura H: Loss of circadian sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat by suprachiasmatic nucleus lesion. Brain Res 1975; 96:76\u201381","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90574-0"},{"key":"R1569CDDJBEIG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto H, Nagai K, Nakagawa H: Additional evidence that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the center of regulation of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Brain Res 1984; 304:237\u2013241","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90326-3"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1417","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T11:23:44Z","timestamp":1722252224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1417"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1417","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-953X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-7228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]}}}