{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:20:29Z","timestamp":1793643629212,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T14:10:43Z","timestamp":1034345443000},"page":"1568-1578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1262,"title":["A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Genetic Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Hettema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"230","reference":[{"key":"R15810BABBIADH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H-U, Kendler KS: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:8-19","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"key":"R15810BABIJDDC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews G, Sanderson K, Beard J: Burden of disease: methods of calculating disability from mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173:123-131","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.173.2.123"},{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olfson M, Fireman B, Weissman MM, Leon AC, Sheehan DV, Kathol RG, Hoven C, Farber L: Mental disorders and disability among patients in a primary care group practice. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1734-1740","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.12.1734"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin HC, Rapaport MH, Levine B, Gladsjo JK, Rabin A, Auerbach M, Judd LL, Kaplan R: Quality of well being in panic disorder: the assessment of psychiatric and general disability. J Affect Disord 2000; 57:217-221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00030-0"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Schneier FR, Heckelman LR, Garfinkel R, Campeas R, Fallon BA, Gitow A, Street L, Del Bene D, Liebowitz MR: Functional impairment in social phobia. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55:322-331"},{"key":"R15810BABIDAFF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC, DuPont RL, Berglund P, Wittchen H-U: Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1915-1923","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.12.1915"},{"key":"R15810BABBHDHF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks IM: Genetics of fear and anxiety disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149:406-418","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.4.406"},{"key":"R15810BABFJIFF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridenour TA, Heath AC: A note on issues in meta-analysis for behavioral genetic studies using categorical phenotypes. Behav Genet 1999; 29:155-162","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021635800770"},{"key":"R15810BABEJCGG","unstructured":"Mantel N, Haenszel W: Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1959; 22:719-748"},{"key":"R15810BABIBCDJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Prescott CA: A population-based twin study of lifetime major depression in men and women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:39-44","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.1.39"},{"key":"R15810BABDIBHE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherrer JF, True WR, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Eisen SA, Goldberg J, Lin N, Tsuang MT: Evidence for genetic influences common and specific to symptoms of generalized anxiety and panic. J Affect Disord 2000; 57:25-35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00031-2"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noyes R Jr, Crowe RR, Harris EL, Hamra BJ, McChesney CM, Chaudhry DR: Relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia: a family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:227-232","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030037004"},{"key":"R15810BABFABDH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendlewicz J, Papadimitriou GN, Wilmotte J: Family study of panic disorder: comparison with generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and normal subjects. Psychiatr Genet 1993; 3:73-78","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199322000-00002"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horwath E, Wolk SI, Goldstein RB, Wickramaratne P, Sobin C, Adams P, Lish JD, Weissman MM: Is the comorbidity between social phobia and panic disorder due to familial cotransmission or other factors? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:574-582","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950190056008"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fyer AJ, Mannuzza S, Chapman TF, Lipsitz J, Martin LY, Klein DF: Panic disorder and social phobia: effects of comorbidity on familial transmission. Anxiety 1996; 2:173-178","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7154(1996)2:4<173::AID-ANXI3>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowe RR, Noyes R, Pauls DL, Slymen D: A family study of panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40:1065-1069","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790090027004"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris EL, Noyes R Jr, Crowe RR, Chaudhry DR: Family study of agoraphobia: report of a pilot study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40:1061-1064","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790090023003"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Adams PB, Lish JD, Horwath E, Charney D, Woods SW, Leeman E, Frosch E: The relationship between panic disorder and major depression: a new family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50:767-780","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820220017003"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein RB, Weissman MM, Adams PB, Horwath E, Lish JD, Charney D, Woods SW, Sobin C, Wickramaratne PJ: Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with panic disorder and\/or major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:383-394","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950050043005"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein RB, Wickramaratne PJ, Horwath E, Weissman MM: Familial aggregation and phenomenology of \u201cearly\u201d-onset (at or before age 20 years) panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:271-278","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830150097014"},{"key":"R15810BABEEBCJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopper JL, Judd FK, Derrick PL, Burrows GD: A family study of panic disorder. Genet Epidemiol 1987; 4:33-41","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370040105"},{"key":"R15810BABBCJIH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skre I, Onstad S, Torgersen S, Lygren S, Kringlen E: A twin study of DSM-III-R anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 88:85-92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03419.x"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruppo Italiano Disturbi d\u2019Ansia: Familial analysis of panic disorder and agoraphobia. J Affect Disord 1989; 17:1-8","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(89)90017-7"},{"key":"R15810BABEEHHA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moran C, Andrews G: The familial occurrence of agoraphobia. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 146:262-267","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.146.3.262"},{"key":"R15810BABFIFHA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodman CL: The genetics of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1993; 5:231-239","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239309148822"},{"key":"R15810BABDBGHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marazziti D, Rotondo A: Genetics of panic disorder. CNS Spectrums 1999; 4:62-70","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900011895"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perna G, Caldirola D, Arancio C, Bellodi L: Panic attacks: a twin study. Psychiatry Res 1997; 66:69-71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)85177-3"},{"key":"R15810BABFEDCG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: Panic disorder in women: a population-based twin study. Psychol Med 1993; 23:397-406","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002849X"},{"key":"R15810BABBFIII","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torgersen S: Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40:1085-1089","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790090047007"},{"key":"R15810BABEHGCE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noyes R Jr, Clarkson C, Crowe RR, Yates WR, McChesney CM: A family study of generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1019-1024","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.8.1019"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: Generalized anxiety disorder in women: a population-based twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:267-272","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040019002"},{"key":"R15810BABIEFIJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews G, Stewart G, Allen R, Henderson AS: The genetics of six neurotic disorders: a twin study. J Affect Disord 1990; 19:23-29","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(90)90005-S"},{"key":"R15810BABIGCBD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy M-A, Neale MC, Pedersen NL, Mathe AA, Kendler KS: A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. Psychol Med 1995; 25:1037-1049","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700037533"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fyer AJ, Mannuzza S, Chapman TF, Martin LY, Klein DF: Specificity in familial aggregation of phobic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:564-573","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950190046007"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannuzza S, Schneier FR, Chapman TF, Liebowitz MR, Klein DF, Fyer AJ: Generalized social phobia: reliability and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:230-237","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950150062011"},{"key":"R15810BABIEIIG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein MB, Chartier MJ, Hazen AL, Kozak MV, Tancer ME, Lander S, Furer P, Chubaty D, Walker JR: A direct-interview family study of generalized social phobia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:90-97","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.1.90"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fyer AJ, Mannuzza S, Gallops MS, Martin LY, Aaronson C, Gorman JM, Liebowitz MR, Klein DF: Familial transmission of simple phobias and fears: a preliminary report. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:252-256","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810150052009"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fyer AJ, Mannuzza S, Chapman TF, Liebowitz MR, Klein DF: A direct interview family study of social phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50:286-293","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160056007"},{"key":"R15810BABHIHGB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reich J, Yates W: Family history of psychiatric disorders in social phobia. Compr Psychiatry 1988; 29:72-75","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(88)90039-9"},{"key":"R15810BABIAIHE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancini C, van Ameringen M, Szatmari P, Fugere C, Boyle M: A high-risk pilot study of the children of adults with social phobia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35:1511-1517","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199611000-00020"},{"key":"R15810BABHBGIE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women: the interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:273-281","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040025003"},{"key":"R15810BABJGHEC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neale MC, Walters EE, Eaves LJ, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Kendler KS: Genetics of blood-injury fears and phobias: a population-based twin study. Am J Med Genet 1994; 54:326-334","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320540411"},{"key":"R15810BABCDGAC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Myers J, Prescott CA, Neale MC: The genetic epidemiology of irrational fears and phobias in men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:257-265","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.3.257"},{"key":"R15810BABHFGGD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torgersen S: The nature and origin of common phobic fears. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134:343-351","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.343"},{"key":"R15810BABDHDHG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose RJ, Ditto WB: A developmental-genetic analysis of common fears from early adolescence to early adulthood. Child Dev 1983; 54:361-368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1983.tb03878.x"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips K, Fulker DW, Rose RJ: Path analysis of seven fear factors in adult twin and sibling pairs and their parents. Genet Epidemiol 1987; 4:345-355","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370040504"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevenson J, Batten N, Cherner M: Fears and fearfulness in children and adolescents: a genetic analysis of twin data. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992; 33:977-985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00919.x"},{"key":"R15810BABFAJCG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page AC, Martin NG: Testing a genetic structure of blood-injury-injection fears. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:377-384","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980907)81:5<377::AID-AJMG5>3.3.CO;2-P"},{"key":"R15810BABFFBCE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neale MC, Eaves LJ, Kendler KS: The power of the classical twin study to resolve variation in threshold traits. Behav Genet 1994; 24:239-258","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067191"},{"key":"R15810BABGGAIF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA: Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability. Psychol Med 1999; 29:539-553","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008429"},{"key":"R15810BABJBBCA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson EC, Grant JD, Bucholz KK, Glowinski A, Madden PAF, Reich W, Heath AC: Social phobia in a population-based female adolescent twin sample: co-morbidity and associated suicide-related symptoms. Psychol Med 2000; 30:797-804","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002275"},{"key":"R15810BABEDCDE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carey G: Genes, fears, phobias, and phobic disorders. J Counseling and Development 1990; 68:628-632","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6676.1990.tb01427.x"},{"key":"R15810BABIGJIG","unstructured":"Fyer AJ: Heritability of social anxiety: a brief review. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 54:10-12"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKeon P, Murray R: Familial aspects of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 151:528-534","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.151.4.528"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black DW, Noyes R Jr, Goldstein RB, Blum N: A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:362-368","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820050026004"},{"key":"R15810BABDAHCI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen SA: Genetic studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1993; 5:241-247","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239309148823"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pauls DL, Alsobrook JP, Goodman W, Rasmussen S, Leckman JF: A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:76-84","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.76"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nestadt G, Samuels J, Riddle M, Bienvenu OJ III, Liang KY, LaBuda M, Walkup J, Grados M, Hoehn-Saric R: A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:358-363","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.4.358"},{"key":"R15810BABFCBFF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis A: Problems of obsessional illness. Proc R Soc Med 1936; 29:325-336","DOI":"10.1177\/003591573602900418"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown FW: Heredity in the psychoneuroses. Proc R Soc Med 1942; 35:785-790","DOI":"10.1177\/003591574203501215"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudin E: Ein beitrag zur frage der zwangskrankheit insbesondere ihrer hereditaren beziehungen. Arch Psychiatrische Nervenkrankheit 1953; 191:14-54","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00345572"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kringlen E: Obsessional neurotics: a long-term follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 1965; 111:700-722","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.111.477.709"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo WH: A follow-up study of obsessional neurotics in Hong Kong Chinese. Br J Psychiatry 1967; 113:823-832","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.113.501.823"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg CM: Familial aspects of obsessional neurosis. Br J Psychiatry 1967; 113:405-413","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.113.497.405"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Insel TR, Hoover C, Murphy DL: Parents of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 1983; 13:807-811","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700051515"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen SA, Tsuang MT: Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:317-322","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.3.317"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenane MC, Swedo SE, Leonard H, Pauls DL, Sceery W, Rapoport JL: Psychiatric disorders in first degree relatives of children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29:407-412","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199005000-00012"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riddle MA, Scahill L, King R, Hardin MT, Towbin KE, Ort SI, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ: Obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: phenomenology and family history. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29:766-772","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199009000-00015"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellodi L, Sciuto G, Diaferia G, Ronchi P, Smeraldi E: Psychiatric disorders in the families of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 1992; 42:111-120","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(92)90075-E"},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"Nicolini H, Weissbecker K, Mejia JM, Sanchez de Carmona M: Family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a Mexican population. Arch Med Res 1993; 24:193-198"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomsen PH: Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a study of parental psychopathology and precipitating events in 20 consecutive Danish cases. Psychopathology 1995; 28:161-167","DOI":"10.1159\/000284916"},{"key":"R15810BABBJEHH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciuto G, Pasquale L, Bellodi L: Obsessive compulsive disorder and mood disorders: a family study. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60:475-479","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320600602"},{"key":"R15810BABFAFGD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inouye E: Similar and dissimilar manifestations of obsessive-compulsive neurosis in monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 1965; 121:1171-1175","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.121.12.1171"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks IM, Crowe M, Drewe E, Young J, Dewhurst WG: Obsessive-compulsive neurosis in identical twins. Br J Psychiatry 1969; 115:991-998","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.115.526.991"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGuffin P, Mawson D: Obsessive compulsive neurosis: two concordant twin pairs. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 137:285-287","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.137.3.285"},{"key":"R15810BABGEJAE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clifford CA, Murray RM, Fulker DW: Genetic and environmental influences on obsessional traits and symptoms. Psychol Med 1984; 14:791-800","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700019760"},{"key":"R15810BABHDCBI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim SW, Dysken MW, Kline MD: Monozygotic twins with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 156:435-438","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.3.435"},{"key":"R15810BABHDHJC","unstructured":"Rasmussen SA, Tsuang MT: The epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1984; 45:450-457"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black DW: Epidemiology and genetics of OCD: a review and discussion of future directions for research. CNS Spectrums 1996; 1:10-16","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285290000064X"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolini H, Cruz C, Camarena B, Paez F, De La Fuente JR: Understanding the genetic basis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectrums 1999; 4:32-48","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900011706"},{"key":"R15810BABDFGFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pauls DL, Alsobrook JP: The inheritance of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am 1999; 8:481-496","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30165-2"},{"key":"R15810BABDDIDB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: A test of the equal environment assumption in twin studies of psychiatric illness. Behav Genet 1993; 23:21-27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067551"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS: Physical similarity and the equal-environment assumption in twin studies of psychiatric disorders. Behav Genet 1995; 25:327-335","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02197281"},{"key":"R15810BABHFJIB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Gardner CO Jr: Twin studies of adult psychiatric and substance dependence disorders: are they biased by differences in the environmental experiences of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in childhood and adolescence? Psychol Med 1998; 28:625-633","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006643"},{"key":"R15810BABIHBJB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jardine R, Martin NG, Henderson AS: Genetic covariation between neuroticism and the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Genet Epidemiol 1984; 1:89-107","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370010202"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neale MC, Walters EE, Eaves LJ, Maes HH, Kendler KS: Multivariate genetic analysis of twin-family data on fears: Mx models. Behav Genet 1994; 24:119-139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067816"},{"key":"R15810BABIGGAE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neale MC, Fulker DW: A bivariate path analysis of fear data on twins and their parents. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 1984; 33:273-286","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000007327"},{"key":"R15810BABIIJED","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Walters EE, Truett KR, Heath AC, Neale MC, Martin NG, Eaves LJ: A twin-family study of self-report symptoms of panic-phobia and somatization. Behav Genet 1995; 25:499-515","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02327574"},{"key":"R15810BABFBIDF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonnal AH, Gardner CO, Prescott CA, Kendler KS: Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in a general population sample of female twins. Am J Med Genet 2000; 96:791-796","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001204)96:6<791::AID-AJMG19>3.0.CO;2-C"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1568","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T21:10:46Z","timestamp":1722373846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1568","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-953X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-7228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]}}}