{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:06:11Z","timestamp":1792598771418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T14:10:43Z","timestamp":1034345443000},"page":"857-864","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":397,"title":["Depression in the Planet\u2019s Largest Ethnic Group: The Chinese"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Gordon","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Gladstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan Tsee","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"230","reference":[{"key":"R1586BABCEJDE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinman A: Neurasthenia and depression: a study of somatization and culture in China. Cult Med Psychiatry 1982; 6:117\u2013190","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051427"},{"key":"R1586BABIDADD","unstructured":"Zhang WX, Shen YC, Li SR: Epidemiological investigation on mental disorders in 7 areas of China. Chin J Psychiatry 1998; 31:69\u201371"},{"key":"R1586BABFFFHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H-U, Kendler KS: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:8\u201319","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"key":"R1586BABHBIFB","unstructured":"Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Faravelli C, Greenwald S, Hwu H-G, Joyce PR, Karam EG, Lee C-K, Lellouch J, Lepine J-P, Newman SC, Rubio-Stipec M, Wells E, Wickramaratne PJ, Wittchen H-U, Yeh E-K: Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA 1996; 276:293\u2013299"},{"key":"R1586BABFFHGE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwu H-G, Yeh E-K, Chang L-Y: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79:136\u2013147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1989.tb08581.x"},{"key":"R1586BABJGIJD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM, Orvaschel H, Gruenberg E, Burke JD Jr, Regier DA: Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41:949\u2013958","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790210031005"},{"key":"R1586BABFGEFG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu JM: Some issues in the diagnosis of depression in China. Can J Psychiatry 1987; 32:368\u2013370","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378703200508"},{"key":"R1586BABFBBJJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinman A, Eisenberg L, Good B: Culture, illness and care: clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research. Ann Intern Med 1978; 88:251\u2013258","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-88-2-251"},{"key":"R1586BABBBICG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beard GM: Neurasthenia or nervous exhaustion. Boston Med Surg J 1869; 3:217\u2013221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM186904290801301"},{"key":"R1586BABFFJEB","unstructured":"Lee S: Diagnosis postponed: shenjing shuairuo and the transformation of psychiatry in post-Mao China. Cult Med Psychiatry 1999; 23:349\u2013380"},{"key":"R1586BABJIGHA","unstructured":"Liu XH, Song W: An epidemiological study of neuroses in Chengdu City. Chinese J Neuropsychiatry 1986; 19:318\u2013321"},{"key":"R1586BABBACBA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung FM, Lau BWK: Situational variations in help-seeking behavior among Chinese patients. Compr Psychiatry 1982; 23:252\u2013262","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(82)90073-6"},{"key":"R1586BABGJFFH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin N: Measuring depressive symptomatology in China. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989; 177:121\u2013131","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198903000-00001"},{"key":"R1586BABDGAJG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rin H, Huang MG: Neurasthenia as nosology dilemma. Cult Med Psychiatry 1989; 13:215\u2013226","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02220663"},{"key":"R1586BABIABAB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng TA: Symptomatology of minor psychiatric morbidity: a cross-cultural comparison. Psychol Med 1989; 19:697\u2013708","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700024296"},{"key":"R1586BABFDIGD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee S, Wong KC: Rethinking neurasthenia: the illness concepts of shenjing shuairuo among Chinese undergraduates in Honk Kong. Cult Med Psychiatry 1995; 19:91\u2013111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01388250"},{"key":"R1586BABBFFJD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng B-Y: Qigong-induced mental disorders: a review. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1999; 33:197\u2013206","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.1999.00536.x"},{"key":"R1586BABFFGJI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee S: Estranged bodies, simulated harmony, and misplaced cultures: neurasthenia in contemporary Chinese society. Psychosom Med 1998; 60:448\u2013457","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199807000-00010"},{"key":"R1586BABJCJGE","unstructured":"Zhang D: Depression and culture\u2014a Chinese perspective. Canadian J Counselling 1995; 29:227\u2013233"},{"key":"R1586BABICEHH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang MY: The diagnosis and phenomenology of neurasthenia: a Shanghai Study. Cult Med Psychiatry 1989; 13:147\u2013161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02220659"},{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"Young C, Tu RY, Liu SH: Re-diagnosis of 50 neurasthenics according to DSM-III. J Clin Neuropsychiatry 1984; 10:69\u201370"},{"key":"R1586BABBBHII","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan H: The necessity of retaining the diagnostic concept of neurasthenia. Cult Med Psychiatry 1989; 13:139\u2013145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02220658"},{"key":"R1586BABIGGFD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng Y-P, Lin K-M, Takeuchi D, Kurasaki KS, Wang Y, Cheung F: An epidemiological study of neurasthenia in Chinese-Americans in Los Angeles. Compr Psychiatry 1997; 38:249\u2013259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(97)90056-0"},{"key":"R1586BABJBBIG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altshuler LL, Wang XD, Qi HQ, Hua QA, Wang WQ, Xia ML: Who seeks mental health care in China? diagnoses of Chinese outpatients according to DSM-III criteria and the Chinese classification system. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:872\u2013875","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.7.872"},{"key":"R1586BABIFAFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakane Y, Ohta Y, Uchino J, Takada K, Yan HQ, Wang XD, Min SK, Lee HY: Comparative study of affective disorders in three Asian countries. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78:698\u2013705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06407.x"},{"key":"R1586BABEGIJF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee S: Cultures in psychiatric nosology: the CCMD-2-R and international classification of mental disorders. Cult Med Psychiatry 1996; 20:421\u2013472","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00117087"},{"key":"R1586BABDHCHC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sue S, McKinney H: Asian-Americans in the community mental health care system. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1975; 45:111\u2013118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1975.tb01172.x"},{"key":"R1586BABJFDDI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi DT, Chung RC-Y, Lin K-M, Shen H, Kurasaki K, Chun C-A, Sue S: Lifetime and twelve-month prevalence rates of major depressive episodes and dysthymia among Chinese Americans in Los Angeles. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:1407\u20131414","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.10.1407"},{"key":"R1586BABJEJAD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang WC: A cross-cultural study of depressive symptomatology. Cult Med Psychiatry 1985; 9:295\u2013317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00048503"},{"key":"R1586BABDDFFI","unstructured":"Kwong B, Wong SW: Physical presentations of psychological problems among Hong Kong Chinese: cultural implications. J Hong Kong Psychiatr Assoc 1981; 1:33\u201339"},{"key":"R1586BABFIIDJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng Y-P, Leyi X, Qijie S: Styles of verbal expression and physical experiences: a study of depressed patients and normal controls in China. Cult Med Psychiatry 1986; 10:231\u2013243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00114698"},{"key":"R1586BABDFGDA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinman AM: Depression, somatization and the new cross-cultural psychiatry. Soc Sci Med 1977; 11:3\u201310","DOI":"10.1016\/0037-7856(77)90138-X"},{"key":"R1586BABDBFAJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirmayer LJ, Young A: Culture and somatization: clinical, epidemiological and ethnographic perspectives. Psychosom Med 1998; 60:420\u2013430","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199807000-00006"},{"key":"R1586BABDIJGD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaac M, Janca A, Orley J: Somatization: a culture-bound or universal syndrome? J Ment Health 1996; 5:219\u2013222","DOI":"10.1080\/09638239650036884"},{"key":"R1586BABCJFJJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsella AJ, Kinzie D, Gorson P: Ethnic variation in the expression of depression. J Cross-Cultural Psychol 1973; 4:435\u2013458","DOI":"10.1177\/002202217300400405"},{"key":"R1586BABJJACH","unstructured":"Chan DW: The meaning of depression: the Chinese word associations. Psychologia 1990; 33:191\u2013196"},{"key":"R1586BABDJDJE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson V: Goods on which one loses: women and mental health in China. Soc Sci Med 1995; 41:1150\u20131173","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00424-R"},{"key":"R1586BABEBBJF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee S: The vicissitudes of neurasthenia in Chinese societies: where will it go from the ICD-10? Transcult Psychiatr Res Rev 1994; 31:153\u2013172","DOI":"10.1177\/136346159403100205"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.857","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T20:21:11Z","timestamp":1721852471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.857","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-953X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-7228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]]}}}