{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T16:52:11Z","timestamp":1793638331864,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T14:30:25Z","timestamp":1034346625000},"page":"1133-1145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":658,"title":["Toward a Comprehensive Developmental Model for Major Depression in Women"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles O.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Prescott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"230","reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGuffin P, Katz R, Watkins S, Rutherford J: A hospital-based twin register of the heritability of DSM-IV unipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:129-136","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830020047006"},{"key":"R1597BABBDBAD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan PF, Neale JM, Kendler KS: Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1552-1562","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.10.1552"},{"key":"R1597BABJIJHC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker G: Parental characteristics in relation to depressive disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134:138-147","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.2.138"},{"key":"R1597BABFAGIH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes SJ, Robins LN: The role of parental disciplinary practices in the development of depression and alcoholism. Psychiatry 1988; 51:24-36","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1988.11024377"},{"key":"R1597BABICBAG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tennant C: Parental loss in childhood: its effect in adult life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:1045-1050","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800350079012"},{"key":"R1597BABIDAJD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirschfeld RM, Klerman GL, Lavori P, Keller MB, Griffith P, Coryell W: Premorbid personality assessments of first onset of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:345-350","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810040051008"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyce P, Parker G, Barnett B, Cooney M, Smith F: Personality as a vulnerability factor to depression. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:106-114","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.159.1.106"},{"key":"R1597BABIBDEF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angst J, Clayton P: Premorbid personality of depressive, bipolar, and schizophrenic patients with special reference to suicidal issues. Compr Psychiatry 1986; 27:511-532","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(86)90055-6"},{"key":"R1597BABCBIGA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breslau N, Schultz L, Peterson E: Sex differences in depression: a role for preexisting anxiety. Psychiatry Res 1995; 58:1-12","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(95)02765-O"},{"key":"R1597BABBFIGE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, Liu J, Swartz M, Blazer DG: Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general populaton: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1996; 30:17-30","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000298371"},{"key":"R1597BABCDEEJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutler SE, Nolen-Hocksema S: Accounting for sex differences in depression through female victimization: childhood sexual abuse. Sex Roles 1991; 24:425-438","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00289332"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keane TM, Wolfe J: Comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder: an analysis of community and clinical studies. J Appl Soc Psychol 1990; 20:1776-1788","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01511.x"},{"key":"R1597BABIECHD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Magee WJ: Childhood adversities and adult depression: basic patterns of association in a US national survey. Psychol Med 1993; 23:679-690","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700025460"},{"key":"R1597BABHIJHD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whisman MA, Sheldon CT, Goering P: Psychiatric disorders and dissatisfaction with social relationships: does type of relationship matter? J Abnorm Psychol 2000; 109:803-808","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.109.4.803"},{"key":"R1597BABJFEJJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewinsohn PM, Hoberman HM, Rosenbaum M: A prospective study of risk factors for unipolar depression. J Abnorm Psychol 1988; 97:251-264","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.97.3.251"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrington R, Fudge H, Rutter M, Pickles A, Hill J: Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression, I. psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:465-473","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810170065010"},{"key":"R1597BABIBAFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavori PW, Keller MB, Klerman GL: Relapse in affective disorders: a reanalysis of the literature using life table methods. J Psychiatr Res 1984; 18:13-25","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(84)90045-1"},{"key":"R1597BABJGGID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC: The effects of stressful life events on depression. Ann Rev Psychology 1997; 48:191-214","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.191"},{"key":"R1597BABGCBBG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, McKinney WT Jr: Depressive disorders: toward a unified hypothesis. Science 1973; 182:20-29","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4107.20"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, McKinney WT Jr: Overview of recent research in depression: integration of ten conceptual models into a comprehensive clinical frame. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975; 32:285-305","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1975.01760210019001"},{"key":"R1597BABDCAJE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Neale MC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: The prediction of major depression in women: toward an integrated etiologic model. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:1139-1148","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.8.1139"},{"key":"R1597BABJDCJA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: A population-based twin study of major depression in women: the impact of varying definitions of illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:257-266","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040009001"},{"key":"R1597BABGGFFI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Prescott CA: Cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in a population-based sample of female twins. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:1016-1022","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.8.1016"},{"key":"R1597BABECHIE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker G, Tupling H, Brown LB: A parental bonding instrument. Br J Med Psychol 1979; 52:1-10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x"},{"key":"R1597BABGFJEI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS: Parenting: a genetic-epidemiologic perspective. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:11-20","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.1.11"},{"key":"R1597BABFCDCA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin J, Anderson J, Romans S, Mullen P, O\u2019Shea M: Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey. Child Abuse Neglect 1993; 17:383-392","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(93)90061-9"},{"key":"R1597BABFBEHJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Bulik CM, Silberg JL, Hettema JM, Myers J, Prescott CA: Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women: an epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:953-959","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.10.953"},{"key":"R1597BABDEEHC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: Childhood parental loss and adult psychopathology in women: a twin study perspective. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:109-116","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820020029004"},{"key":"R1597BABGBBGF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eysenck SBG, Eysenck HJ, Barrett P: A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Person Indiv Dif 1985; 6:21-29","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(85)90026-1"},{"key":"R1597BABEIEEH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg CM: Determinants of psychiatric illness in young people. Br J Psychiatry 1969; 115:907-915","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.115.525.907"},{"key":"R1597BABCIBBI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women: the inter-relationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:273-281","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040025003"},{"key":"R1597BABFHEJH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagerstrom KO, Schneider NG: Measuring nicotine dependence: a review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. J Behav Med 1989; 12:159-182","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00846549"},{"key":"R1597BABJFFCB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuster TL, Kessler RC, Aseltine RH Jr: Supportive interactions, negative interactions, and depressed mood. Am J Community Psychol 1990; 18:423-438","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00938116"},{"key":"R1597BABBAABC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walters EE, MacLean C, Neale MC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: Stressful life events, genetic liability and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:833-842","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.833"},{"key":"R1597BABHGGDD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA: Stressful life events and major depression: risk period, long-term contextual threat, and diagnostic specificity. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998; 186:661-669","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199811000-00001"},{"key":"R1597BABDBBHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gardner CO: Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the \u201ckindling\u201d hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1243-1251","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.8.1243"},{"key":"R1597BABEHIJI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentler PM: Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull 1990; 107:238-246","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.107.2.238"},{"key":"R1597BABHHDEA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentler PM, Bonett DG: Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychol Bull 1980; 88:588-606","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.88.3.588"},{"key":"R1597BABCEJFA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steiger JH: Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach. Multivar Beh Res 1990; 25:173-180","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2502_4"},{"key":"R1597BABGHIHD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradburn NM, Rips LJ, Shevell SK: Answering autobiographical questions: the impact of memory and inference on surveys. Science 1987; 236:157-161","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3563494"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry B, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Langley J, Silva PA: On the \u201cremembrance of things past\u201d: a longitudinal evaluation of the restrospective method. Psychol Assess 1994; 6:92-101","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.2.92"},{"key":"R1597BABDAIFH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maughan B, Rutter M: Retrospective reporting of childhood adversity: assessing long-term recall. J Pers Disord 1997; 11:19-33","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1997.11.1.19"},{"key":"R1597BABFABJJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen S, Wills TA: Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull 1985; 98:310-357","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.98.2.310"},{"key":"R1597BABHJBBH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Martin NG, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: Self-report psychiatric symptoms in twins and their nontwin relatives: are twins different? Am J Med Genet 1995; 60:588-591","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320600622"},{"key":"R1597BABIDJAC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Pedersen NL, Farahmand BY, Persson PG: The treated incidence of psychotic and affective illness in twins compared with population expectation: a study in the Swedish Twin and Psychiatric Registries. Psychol Med 1996; 26:1135-1144","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700035856"},{"key":"R1597BABDECHJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutter M, Redshaw J: Annotation: growing up as a twin: twin-singleton differences in psychological development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991; 32:885-895","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb01916.x"},{"key":"R1597BABEFGBB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H-U, Kendler KS: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:8-19","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"key":"R1597BABGCHBG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kringlen E, Torgersen S, Cramer V: A Norwegian psychiatric epidemiological study. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1091-1098","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1091"},{"key":"R1597BABIAGGD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heath AC, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Eaves LJ, Kendler KS: Evidence for genetic influences on personality from self-reports and from informant ratings. J Pers Soc Psychol 1992; 63:85-96","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.1.85"},{"key":"R1597BABCABGB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Walters EE, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: The structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for six major psychiatric disorders in women: phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bulimia, major depression and alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:374-383","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950170048007"},{"key":"R1597BABBBGII","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slutske WS, Heath AC, Dinwiddie SH, Madden PA, Bucholz KK, Dunne MP, Statham DJ, Martin NG: Modeling genetic and environmental influences in the etiology of conduct disorder: a study of 2,682 adult twin pairs. J Abnorm Psychol 1997; 106:266-279","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.106.2.266"},{"key":"R1597BABDJFFE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein RB, Prescott CA, Kendler KS: Genetic and environmental factors in conduct problems and adult antisocial behavior among adult female twins. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001; 189:201-209","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200104000-00001"},{"key":"R1597BABCEJIJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuang MT, Lyons MJ, Eisen SA, Goldberg J, True W, Meyer JM, Toomey R, Faraone SV, Eaves L: Genetic influences on DSM-III-R drug abuse and dependence: a study of 3,297 twin pairs. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67:473-477","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960920)67:5<473::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"R1597BABIDIGA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Heath AC, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Eaves LJ: A population-based twin study of alcoholism in women. JAMA 1992; 268:1877-1882","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.268.14.1877"},{"key":"R1597BABGGDFF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J: A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas 1960; 20:37-46","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"R1597BABDJFIC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Eaves LJ: Models for the joint effect of genotype and environment on liability to psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:279-289","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.3.279"},{"key":"R1597BABHEAFJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: A longitudinal twin study of personality and major depression in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50:853-862","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820230023002"},{"key":"R1597BABJGCJF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: The lifetime history of major depression in women: reliability of diagnosis and heritability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50:863-870","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820230054003"},{"key":"R1597BABDABID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Neale MC, Prescott CA: Genetic risk factors for major depression in men and women: similar or different heritabilities and same or partly distinct genes? Psychol Med 2001; 31:605-616","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701003907"},{"key":"R1597BABCDBCC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plomin R, Daniels D: Why are children in the same family so different from each other? Behav Brain Sci 1987; 10:1-16","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00055941"},{"key":"R1597BABGCBFA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neale MC, Eaves LJ, Kendler KS: The power of the classical twin study to resolve variation in threshold traits. Behav Genet 1994; 24:239-258","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067191"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T19:02:49Z","timestamp":1722366169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1133","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-953X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-7228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]]}}}