{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:06:23Z","timestamp":1792008383257,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T21:39:33Z","timestamp":1033508373000},"page":"1329-1336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":226,"title":["Elevated Intrasynaptic Dopamine Release in Tourette\u2019s Syndrome Measured by PET"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Harvey S.","family":"Singer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Szymanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuji","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Semih","family":"Dogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Brasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony A.","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean F.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"230","reference":[{"key":"R1598CCHCDFGF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer HS, Walkup JT: Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. Medicine 1991; 70:15-32","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199101000-00002"},{"key":"R1598CCHIIFGG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer HS: Neurobiology of Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin 1997; 15:357-379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70318-2"},{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer HS: Current issues in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord 2000; 15:1051-1063","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200011)15:6<1051::AID-MDS1001>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson BS, Skudlarski P, Anderson AW, Zhang H, Gatenby JC, Lacadie CM, Leckman JF, Gore JC: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of tic suppression in Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:326-333","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.4.326"},{"key":"R1598CCHDJACF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stern E, Silbersweig DA, Chee KY, Holmes A, Robertson MM, Trimble M, Frith CD, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ: A functional neuroanatomy of tics in Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:741-748","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.8.741"},{"key":"R1598CCHJCFDD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer HS, Butler IJ, Tune LE, Seifert WE, Coyle JT: Dopaminergic dysfunction in Tourette syndrome. Ann Neurol 1982; 12:361-366","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120408"},{"key":"R1598CCHIIFDF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer HS, Hahn I-H, Moran TH: Abnormal dopamine uptake sites in postmortem striatum from patients with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Ann Neurol 1991; 30:558-562","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300408"},{"key":"R1598CCHCGJAH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler IJ, Koslow SH, Seifert WE Jr, Caprioli RM, Singer HS: Biogenic amine metabolism in Tourette syndrome. Ann Neurol 1979; 6:37-39","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060109"},{"key":"R1598CCHCFGIB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen DJ, Shaywitz BA, Caparulo BK, Young JG, Bowers MB Jr: Chronic, multiple tics of Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s disease: CSF acid monoamine metabolites after probenecid administration. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978; 35:245-250","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770260123015"},{"key":"R1598CCHGJIDI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George MS, Robertson MM, Costa DC, Ell PJ, Trimble MR, Pilowsky L, Verhoeff NP: Dopamine receptor availability in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Psychiatry Res 1994; 55:193-203","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(95)91245-9"},{"key":"R1598CCHGCBCI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turjanski N, Sawle GV, Playford ED, Weeks R, Lammerstma AA, Lees AJ, Brooks DJ: PET studies of the presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic system in Tourette syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57:688-692","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.6.688"},{"key":"R1598CCHCCDII","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf SS, Jones DW, Knable MB, Gorey JG, Lee KS, Hyde TM, Coppola R, Weinberger DR: Tourette syndrome: prediction of phenotypic variation in monozygotic twins by caudate nucleus D2 receptor binding. Science 1996; 273:1225-1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5279.1225"},{"key":"R1598CCHJHBBF","unstructured":"Wong DF, Singer HS, Brandt J, Shaya E, Chen C, Brown J, Kimball AW, Gjedde A, Dannals RF, Ravert HT, Wilson PD, Wagner HN Jr: D2-like dopamine receptor density in Tourette syndrome measured by PET. J Nucl Med 1997; 38:1243-1247"},{"key":"R1598CCHCAEEA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malison RT, McDougle CJ, van Dyck CH, Scahill L, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Price LH, Leckman JF, Innis RB: [123I]\u03b2-CIT SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine transporter binding in Tourette\u2019s disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1359-1361","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.9.1359"},{"key":"R1598CCHHGGAE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller-Vahl KR, Berding G, Brucke T, Kolbe H, Meyer GJ, Hundeshagen H, Dengler R, Knapp WH, Emrich HM: Dopamine transporter binding in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Neurol 2000; 247:514-520","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007806"},{"key":"R1598CCHDEFJA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinz A, Knable MB, Wolf SS, Jones DW, Gorey JG, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR: Tourette\u2019s syndrome: [I-123]beta-CIT SPECT correlates of vocal tic severity. Neurology 1998; 51:1069-1074","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.4.1069"},{"key":"R1598CCHHJCBH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong DF, Ricaurte G, Grunder G, Rothman R, Naidu S, Singer H, Harris J, Yokoi F, Villemagne V, Szymanski S, Gjedde A, Kuhar M: Dopamine transporter changes in neuropsychiatric disorders. Adv Pharmacol 1998; 42:219-223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3589(08)60732-2"},{"key":"R1598CCHDJICB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer P, Bohnen NI, Minoshima S, Koeppe RA, Wernette K, Kilbourn MR, Kuhl DE, Frey KA, Albin RL: Striatal presynaptic monoaminergic vesicles are not increased in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Neurology 1999; 53:371-374","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.2.371"},{"key":"R1598CCHCHBHJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Jons PH, Matochik JA, Pascualvaca D, Cohen RM: High presynaptic dopaminergic activity in children with Tourette\u2019s disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38:86-94","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199901000-00024"},{"key":"R1598CCHBGACC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young LT, Wong DF, Goldman S, Minkin E, Chen C, Matsumura K, Scheffel U, Wagner HN Jr: Effects of endogenous dopamine on kinetics of [3H]N-methylspiperone and [3H]raclopride binding in rat brain. Synapse 1991; 9:188-194","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890090305"},{"key":"R1598CCHIEJDG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewey SL, Smith GS, Logan J, Brodie JD, Fowler JS, Wolf AP: Striatal binding of the PET ligand [11C]raclopride is altered by drugs that modify synaptic dopamine levels. Synapse 1993; 13:350-356","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890130407"},{"key":"R1598CCHEJJAH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Fowler JS, Logan J, Schyler D, Hitzemann R, Lieberman J, Angrist B, Pappas N, MacGregor R: Imaging endogenous dopamine competition with [11C]raclopride in the human brain. Synapse 1994; 16:255-262","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890160402"},{"key":"R1598CCHCBEBC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, van Dyck CH, Gil R, D\u2019Souza CD, Erdos J, McCance E, Rosenblatt W, Fingado C, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Innis RB: Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:9235-9240","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.17.9235"},{"key":"R1598CCHIHAAC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breier A, Su T-P, Saunders R, Carson RE, Kolachana BS, de Bartolomeis A, Weinberger DR, Weisenfeld N, Malhotra AK, Eckelman WC, Pickar D: Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:2569-2574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2569"},{"key":"R1598CCHJGAEJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlaepfer TE, Pearlson GD, Wong DF, Marenco S, Dannals RF: PET study of competition between intravenous cocaine and [11C]raclopride at dopamine receptors in human subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1209-1213","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.9.1209"},{"key":"R1598CCHBGFIC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Gatley SJ, Fowler JS, Chen R, Logan J, Dewey SL, Ding YS, Pappas N, King P, MacGregor RR, Kuhar MJ, Carroll FI, Wolf AP: Long-lasting inhibition of in vivo cocaine binding to dopamine transporters by 3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester: RTI-55 or beta CIT. Synapse 1995; 19:206-211","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890190308"},{"key":"R1598CCHCDDGI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group: Definitions and classification of tic disorders. Arch Neurol 1993; 50:1013-1016","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540100012008"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Hardin MT, Ort SI, Swartz KL, Stevenson J, Cohen J: The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989; 28:566-573","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00015"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walkup JT, Rosenberg LA, Brown J, Singer HS: The validity of instruments measuring tic severity in Tourette syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992; 31:472-477","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199205000-00013"},{"key":"R1598CCHBGFJI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilton J, Yokoi F, Dannals RF, Ravert HT, Szabo Z, Wong DF: Column-switching HPLC for the analysis of plasma in PET imaging studies. Nucl Med Biol 2000; 27:627-630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8051(00)00125-6"},{"key":"R1598CCHFDHAE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong DF, Young D, Wilson PD, Meltzer CC, Gjedde A: Quantification of neuroreceptors in the living human brain, III: D2-like dopamine receptors: theory, validation and changes during normal aging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1997; 17:316-330","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199703000-00009"},{"key":"R1598CCHFHBIE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laruelle M: Imaging synaptic neurotransmission with in-vivo binding competition techniques: a critical review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20:423-451","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200003000-00001"},{"key":"R1598CCHDCAJJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith GS, Dewey SL, Brodie JD, Logan J, Vitkun SA, Simkowitz P, Schloesser R, Alexoff DA, Hurley A, Cooper T, Volkow ND: Serotonergic modulation of dopamine measured with [11C]raclopride and PET in normal human subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:490-496","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.4.490"},{"key":"R1598CCHGIJCH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drevets WC, Gautier C, Price JC, Kupfer DJ, Kinahan PE, Grace AA, Price JL, Mathis CA: Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49:81-96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01038-6"},{"key":"R1598CCHJCICG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abi-Dargham A, Gil R, Krystal J, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Bowers M, van Dyck CH, Charney DS, Innis RB, Laruelle M: Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: confirmation in a second cohort. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:761-767","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.6.761"},{"key":"R1598CCHCICJE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dougherty DD, Bonab AA, Spencer TJ, Rauch SL, Madras BK, Fischman AJ: Dopamine transporter density in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 1999; 354:2132-2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04030-1"},{"key":"R1598CCHHCFEI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, Lahnin F, Lynch K, Bondi C, Kim YS, Peterson BS: Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics 1998; 102:14-19","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.14"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Stebbins GT, Leipsig G, Carr WC: Adult tics in Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome: descriptions and risk factors. Neurology 1992; 42:784-788","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.4.784"},{"key":"R1598CCHBFAHB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer HS, Giuliano JD, Zimmerman AM, Walkup JT: Infection: a stimulus for tic disorders. Pediatr Neurol 2000; 22:380-383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00131-4"},{"key":"R1598CCHJEGGJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer HS, Reiss AL, Brown JE, Aylward EH, Shih B, Chee E, Harris EL, Reader MJ, Chase GA, Bryan RN: Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Neurology 1993; 43:950-956","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.950"},{"key":"R1598CCHBJAJD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson B, Riddle MA, Cohen DJ, Katz LD, Smith JC, Hardin MT, Leckman JF: Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette\u2019s syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images. Neurology 1993; 43:941-949","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.941"},{"key":"R1598CCHGGJGH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobert A, Rivet J-M, Audinot V, Newman-Tancredi A, Cistarelli L, Millan MJ: Simultaneous quantification of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline levels in single frontal cortex dialysates of freely-moving rats reveals a complex pattern of reciprocal auto- and heteroreceptor-mediated control of release. Neuroscience 1998; 84:413-429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00565-4"},{"key":"R1598CCHEIDDI","unstructured":"Gobert A, Rivet J-M, Audinot V, Cistarelli L, Spedding M, Vian J, Peglion JL, Millan MJ: Functional correlates of dopamine D3 receptor activation in rat in vivo and their modulation by the selective antagonist, (+)-S 14297 II: both D2 and \u201csilent\u201d D3 autoreceptors control synthesis and release in mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 275:899-913"},{"key":"R1598CCHGEHIC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yavich L, Lappalainen R, Sirvio J, Haapalinna A, MacDonald E: \u03b12-Adrenergic control of dopamine overflow and metabolism in mouse striatum. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 339:113-119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01375-7"},{"key":"R1598CCHGBGJI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trendelenburg A-U, Starke K, Limberger N: Presynaptic \u03b12A-adrenoceptors inhibit the release of endogenous dopamine in rabbit caudate nucleus slices. Naunyn Schmeidebergs Arch Pharmacol 1994; 350:473-481","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00173016"},{"key":"R1598CCHDHGHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grace AA: Cortical regulation of subcortical dopamine systems and its possible relevance to schizophrenia. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1993; 91:111-134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01245228"},{"key":"R1598CCHEDIDA","unstructured":"Wong DF, Giedde A, Reith J, Grunder G, Szymanski S, Yokoi F, Hong C, Nestadt G, Neufeld G, Pearlson G, Tune L, Andrist B: Imaging intrasynaptic, postsynaptic and presynaptic dopamine dysfunction in psychosis (abstract). Soc Neurosci 1997; 23:1405"},{"key":"R1598CCHDDGCD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson GM, Pollak ES, Chatterjee D, Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Cohen DJ: Brain monoamines and amino acids in Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a preliminary study of subcortical regions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:584-586","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820070078016"},{"key":"R1598CCHBFEGJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erenberg G, Cruse RP, Rothner AD: Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome: effects of stimulant drugs. Neurology 1985; 35:1346-1348","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.9.1346"},{"key":"R1598CCHCFEJB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price RA, Leckman JF, Pauls DL, Cohen DJ, Kidd KK: Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: tics and central nervous system stimulants in twins and nontwins. Neurology 1986; 36:232-237","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.232"},{"key":"R1598CCHHEDIH","unstructured":"Singer HS, Rabins P, Tune LE, Coyle JT: Serum haloperidol levels in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 1981; 16:79-84"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T10:18:01Z","timestamp":1722421081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1329","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-953X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-7228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]]}}}