{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:26:03Z","timestamp":1791840363765,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,28]],"date-time":"2003-02-28T15:17:40Z","timestamp":1046445460000},"page":"430-437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":558,"title":["Defining Clinical Phenotypes of Juvenile Mania"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Leibenluft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis S.","family":"Charney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Towbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robinder K.","family":"Bhangoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Pine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"230","reference":[{"key":"R1603DAFJFAHE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biederman J: Resolved: mania is mistaken for ADHD in prepubertal children (affirmative). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:1091-1093, 1096-1098","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199810000-00020"},{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson GA: Mania and ADHD: comorbidity or confusion. J Affect Disord 1998; 51:177-187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00179-7"},{"key":"R1603DAFJEABF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL, DelBello MP, Soutullo C: Reliability of the Washington University in St Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40:450-455","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200104000-00014"},{"key":"R1603DAFECHDD","unstructured":"Carlson GA: Classification issues of bipolar disorders in childhood. Psychiatr Dev 1984; 4:273-285"},{"key":"R1603DAFEJIJF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health: National Institute of Mental Health Research Roundtable on Prepubertal Bipolar Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40:871-878","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200108000-00007"},{"key":"R1603DAFFFHFF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson GA, Kelly KL: Manic symptoms in psychiatrically hospitalized children\u2014what do they mean? J Affect Disord 1998; 51:123-135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00211-0"},{"key":"R1603DAFIGEEI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller B, Williams M, Zimerman B, Frazier J, Beringer L, Warner KL: Prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity differentiate from ADHD by manic symptoms, grandiose delusions, ultra-rapid or ultradian cycling. J Affect Disord 1998; 51:81-91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00175-X"},{"key":"R1603DAFEDIEJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller B, Sun K, Zimerman B, Luby J, Frazier J, Williams M: Complex and rapid-cycling in bipolar children and adolescents: a preliminary study. J Affect Disord 1995; 34:259-268","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(95)00023-G"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson GA: Identifying prepubertal mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:750-753","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199506000-00015"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weller EB, Weller RA, Fristad MA: Bipolar disorder in children: misdiagnosis, underdiagnosis, and future directions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:709-714","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199506000-00010"},{"key":"R1603DAFDFDFG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson G: Child and adolescent mania\u2014diagnostic considerations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1990; 31:331-341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb01573.x"},{"key":"R1603DAFGECEC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angold A, Costello EJ, Rutter M: Precision, reliability and accuracy in the dating of symptom onsets in child and adolescent psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996; 37:657-664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01457.x"},{"key":"R1603DAFGGFCA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, Endicott J, Maser J, Solomon DA, Leon AC, Rice JA, Keller MB: The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:530-537","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.6.530"},{"key":"R1603DAFDJGDB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramlinger KG, Post RM: Ultra-rapid or ultradian cycling in bipolar affective illness. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 168:314-323","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.3.314"},{"key":"R1603DAFEBIJI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunner DL, Fieve RR: Clinical factors in lithium carbonate prophylaxis failure. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974; 30:229-233","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760080077013"},{"key":"R1603DAFFBAFB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldessarini RJ: A plea for integrity of the bipolar disorder concept. Bipolar Disord 2000; 2:3-7","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2000.020102.x"},{"key":"R1603DAFBGEGJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Murphy J, Tsuang MT: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorders: issues of overlapping symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1793-1799","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.12.1793"},{"key":"R1603DAFBHBIF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein RG, Pine DS, Klein DE: Mania is mistaken for ADHD in prepubertal children (negative). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:1093-1096, 1098-1099","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199810000-00020"},{"key":"R1603DAFIFJJA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsiao JK, Bartko JJ, Potter WZ: Diagnosing diagnoses: receiver operating characteristic methods and psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:664-667","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810070090014"},{"key":"R1603DAFBIIJJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wozniak J, Biederman J, Mundy E, Mennin D, Faraone SV: A pilot family study of childhood-onset mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:1577-1583","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199512000-00007"},{"key":"R1603DAFGCDFG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller B, Cook EHJ: Ultradian rapid cycling in prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity is not in transmission disequilibrium with val\/met COMT alleles. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:605-609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00251-6"},{"key":"R1603DAFBGIEJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E: Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978; 35:773-782","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770300115013"},{"key":"R1603DAFGBGHG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA Jr, Winokur G, Mu\u00f1oz R: Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972; 26:57-63","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011"},{"key":"R1603DAFGDJFI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy F, Murry E, Forest K, Carroll BJ: Signs and symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes. J Affect Disord 1998; 50:187-201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00016-0"},{"key":"R1603DAFGHDHE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman-Naim S, Turner EH, Leibenluft E: Diurnal variation in the direction of mood switches in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58:79-84","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n0205"},{"key":"R1603DAFEAHAH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy F, Carroll BJ: Frequencies of signs and symptoms in mixed and pure episodes of mania: implications for the study of manic episodes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001; 25:659-665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(00)00174-3"},{"key":"R1603DAFFDBEB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman MP, McElroy SL: Clinical picture and etiologic models of mixed states. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1999; 22:535-546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70094-0"},{"key":"R1603DAFJGAAC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy F, Pieper C, Carroll BJ: Subtypes of mania determined by grade of membership analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25:373-383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00223-8"},{"key":"R1603DAFIFGEC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dilsaver SC, Chen YR, Shoaib AM, Swann AC: Phenomenology of mania: evidence for distinct depressed, dysphoric, and euphoric presentations. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:426-430","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.3.426"},{"key":"R1603DAFDHIBC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wozniak J, Biederman J, Kiely K, Ablon JS, Faraone SV, Mundy E, Mennin D: Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:867-876","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199507000-00010"},{"key":"R1603DAFJEHHG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehr TA, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE: Sleep reduction as a final common pathway in the genesis of mania. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:201-204; correction, 144:542","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.2.201"},{"key":"R1603DAFJHCGC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corkum P, Moldofsky H, Hogg-Johnson S, Humphries T, Tannock R: Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: impact of subtype, comorbidity, and stimulant medication. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38:1285-1293","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199910000-00018"},{"key":"R1603DAFIJAJD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, Williamson D, Ryan N: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children\u2014Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:980-988","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021"},{"key":"R1603DAFBAFDB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robins E, Guze SB: Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1970; 126:983-987","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.126.7.983"},{"key":"R1603DAFEJFGA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehr TA, Goodwin FK: Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness? Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1403-1411","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.11.1403"},{"key":"R1603DAFJHFJA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DelBello MP, Soutullo CA, Hendricks W, Niemeier RT, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM: Prior stimulant treatment in adolescents with bipolar disorder: association with age at onset. Bipolar Disord 2001; 3:53-57","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2001.030201.x"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.430","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T12:15:48Z","timestamp":1722168948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.430","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.720689223.793501321","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-953X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-7228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]}}}