{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:18:23Z","timestamp":1788754703672,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.24022021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T07:04:26Z","timestamp":1728975866000},"page":"515-526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["How the War on Drugs Impacts Social Determinants of Health Beyond the Criminal Legal System"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Aliza","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Academic Engagement, Drug Policy Alliance, New York, NY, USA (Cohen, Vakharia and Netherland). Drug Policy Alliance, New York, NY, USA (Frederique)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila P.","family":"Vakharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Academic Engagement, Drug Policy Alliance, New York, NY, USA (Cohen, Vakharia and Netherland). Drug Policy Alliance, New York, NY, USA (Frederique)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Netherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Academic Engagement, Drug Policy Alliance, New York, NY, USA (Cohen, Vakharia and Netherland). Drug Policy Alliance, New York, NY, USA (Frederique)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kassandra","family":"Frederique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Academic Engagement, Drug Policy Alliance, New York, NY, USA (Cohen, Vakharia and Netherland). Drug Policy Alliance, New York, NY, USA (Frederique)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"230","reference":[{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.304964"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"The pursuit of oblivion: a global history of narcotics 1500-2000","author":"Davenport-Hines R","year":"2001"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000124"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.050"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau1184"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132020","author":"Hedegaard H","year":"2021"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304187"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000717"},{"issue":"11","key":"B18","first-page":"866","volume":"63","author":"Ng J","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.012"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/12.3.228"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9198-y"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305475"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1","volume":"26","author":"ASAM News","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00482"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12133"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.012"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000384"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.04.012"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Zitzkat S. Driving the drug war: difficulties with proper detection of THC and measurement of marijuana intoxication for the purposes of DUI prosecution. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut School of Law Dissertations and Honors Papers. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/opencommons.uconn.edu\/law_student_papers\/1."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.07.023"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190872007.001.0001"},{"key":"B38","author":"Heavey S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reuters"},{"key":"B39","author":"National Employment Law Project","year":"2014","journal-title":"Center for Community Change"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj6992"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913920971333"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101891"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205079"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02472-1"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.012"},{"issue":"4","key":"B52","first-page":"804","volume":"5","author":"Silva RL","year":"2015","journal-title":"UC Irvine L Rev"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36644\/mlr.118.2.new"},{"key":"B56","author":"Kuwabara Blanchard S","year":"2020","journal-title":"Filter Mag"},{"key":"B57","author":"Serres C","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Star Tribune"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301490"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301586"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301618"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"255","volume":"16","author":"King C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Econ Household"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840050110290"},{"key":"B66","volume-title":"Student mobility: exploring the impacts of frequent moves on achievement: Summary of a workshop","author":"National Research Council and Institute of Medicine","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"B67","first-page":"38","volume":"16","author":"Murphy J","year":"2011","journal-title":"JESPAR"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-011-9444-z"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108666"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13256"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0150-5"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112585"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2096319"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351328081"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628"},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"National center for HIV\/AIDS, viral hepatitis, STD, and TB prevention. Youth risk behavior survey data summary & trends report, 2009\u20132019","author":"CDC, Division of Adolescent and School Health","year":"2020"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cs\/cdt019"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.11.020"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03978.x"},{"key":"B87","volume-title":"The economic effects of exclusionary discipline on grade retention and high school dropout","author":"Marchbanks III M","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"B88","first-page":"265","volume":"22","author":"Vaughn M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Gesundheitswissenschaften (J Pub Health)"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-014-9760-5"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.002"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1729200"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2006.8.11.pfor1-0611"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0054"},{"key":"B97","author":"Thompson D","year":"2021","journal-title":"Center for Law and Social Policy"},{"key":"B98","author":"Network for Public Health Law","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robert Wood Johnson"},{"key":"B100","volume-title":"Prisoners in 2019","author":"Carson AE","year":"2020"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032321717692166"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474520959433"},{"key":"B104","volume-title":"Drug testing and crime-related restrictions in TANF, SNAP, and housing assistance","author":"McCarty M","year":"2016"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198598"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2013.25.2.112"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wmh3.378"},{"key":"B109","volume-title":"Drug testing and crime-related restrictions in TANF, SNAP, and housing assistance","author":"McCarty M","year":"2016"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0645"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141291S206"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05265"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428918"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2010.08.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"B119","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"Stone R","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2021.1904845"},{"issue":"3","key":"B121","first-page":"501","volume":"11","author":"Baughman C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colum J Race Law"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.07.008"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1118"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209542"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.05.024"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3525"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.0070"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-011-9247-x"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303545"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092785"},{"key":"B131","volume-title":"Shattered bonds: the color of child welfare","author":"Roberts D.","year":"2002"},{"issue":"7","key":"B133","first-page":"e3061","volume":"10","author":"Wu D","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1552-6909.12242"},{"key":"B136","volume-title":"Enforcing freedom: drug courts, therapeutic communities, and the intimacies of the state","author":"Kaye K","year":"2020"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01268.x"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0890"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15640"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0976"},{"key":"B141","volume-title":"Federal guidelines for opioid treatment programs","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2015"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2021.1975749"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2002908"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000762"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00399-8"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2018.79.350"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07347324.2019.1585216"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCM.0000000000000302"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303483"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.06.032"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103364"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-10525-9_17"}],"container-title":["Focus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T07:05:26Z","timestamp":1728975926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.focus.24022021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/appi.focus.24022021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.focus.24022021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-4094","1541-4108"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-4094","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-4108","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}}}