{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:34:31Z","timestamp":1793457271315,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psych Res and Clin Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among presenting conditions in pediatric acute care settings, conduct disorder (CD) is a potentially stigmatizing yet common diagnosis in the setting of behavioral dysregulation requiring psychiatric admission. Concerns exist about over\u2010diagnosis of CD in non\u2010Hispanic Black children relative to White peers and the potential for the CD diagnosis to obfuscate manifestations of co\u2010occurring psychiatric conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the number of manuscripts on CD diagnoses that report race and ethnicity and co\u2010occurring mental health characteristics (i.e., history of trauma, attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], or substance use disorders [SUDs]) that are often undertreated in racially minoritized children. Using the keywords \u201cconduct disorder\u201d or \u201cexternalizing disorder,\u201d we screened peer\u2010reviewed articles in PubMed published from January 2013 to November 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We screened 2791 manuscripts for potential inclusion, of which 136 were original research articles with data on children with CD diagnoses. Thirteen articles contained racial and ethnic data for people with CD diagnoses, with the majority illustrating that Black children were overrepresented among those with CD diagnoses. No studies provided details on how race and ethnicity were ascertained and few mentioned racism as a potential explanation for racial disparities in CD diagnoses. No studies contained data collected after 2016, with three studies using data collected as early as 2001\u20132002. Across all articles, data on co\u2010occurring trauma, ADHD, and SUDs were scarce.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overwhelming majority of studies on CD diagnoses did not provide comprehensive data on race and ethnicity and co\u2010occurring psychiatric disorders in children receiving diagnoses of CD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.prcp.20240009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T18:09:08Z","timestamp":1721239748000},"page":"134-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Reporting of Race and Ethnicity in the Conduct Disorder Literature: A Time\u2010Sensitive Review"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Tashalee R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline O.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6652-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binx Yezhe","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Carilion Clinic \u2010 Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine  Roanoke Virginia USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia E.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6595-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin Y.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Race, Ethnicity, and Equity, Institute for Public Health Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Division of Addiction Science, Prevention and Treatment Department of Psychiatry Health and Behavior Research Center Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"230","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4809"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"CDC.Youth risk behavior survey data summary & trends report: 2011\u20102021. Available from:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/data\/yrbs\/pdf\/YRBS_Data\u2010Summary\u2010Trends_Report2023_508.pdf. Accessed on October 4 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"NIDA.Unintentional drug overdose death rates among US youth\u00a0aged 15\u201019.2023. Available from:https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/trends-statistics\/infographics\/unintentional-drug-overdose-death-rates-among-us-youth-aged-15-19.\u00a0Accessed on\u00a0October\u00a04 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Protecting youth mental health & social media and youth mental health: the United States Surgeon General's Advisory.2023.https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/surgeongeneral\/priorities\/youth-mental-health\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"AACAP.Severe shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists illustrated in AACAP workforce maps: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/pec.0000000000001151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202200028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12766"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Deviant children grown up: a sociological and psychiatric study of sociopathic personality","author":"Robins LN","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Historical and geographical influences on psychopathology","author":"Robins LN","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Psychiatric disorders in America","author":"Robins LN","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802\u2010014\u20109955\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2022.2076237"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"The new Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness","author":"Alexander M","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(17)30569\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych\u20102023\u2010101501"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012\u20102390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2023.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920\u2010022\u201001336\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13304"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmms2029562"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010018\u20100611\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010016\u20100573\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2017.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995\u2010014\u20101454\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1402058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010017\u20101337\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs8090080"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228221075094"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488\u2010014\u20100610\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010019\u20100095\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615\u2010020\u201000824\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.98.supplement_1.s29"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204135119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.7045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2021.1944671"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802\u2010020\u201000618\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2127"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1176\/appi.prcp.20240009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T19:20:48Z","timestamp":1744312848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.prcp.20240009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/appi.prcp.20240009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.prcp.20240009","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2575-5609","2575-5609"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2575-5609","type":"print"},{"value":"2575-5609","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]}}}