{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T02:09:24Z","timestamp":1775873364314,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.16.3.277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]],"date-time":"2014-12-17T23:14:41Z","timestamp":1418858081000},"page":"277-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Reliability and Clinical Correlates of Figure-Ground Perception in Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dolores","family":"Malaspina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Received May 6, 2002; revised January 16, 2003; accepted February 3, 2003. From the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York; Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; and New York University Department of Psychology, New York, New York. Address correspondence to Dr. Malaspina, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032; (E-mail)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Received May 6, 2002; revised January 16, 2003; accepted February 3, 2003. From the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York; Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; and New York University Department of Psychology, New York, New York. Address correspondence to Dr. Malaspina, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032; (E-mail)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond R.","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Received May 6, 2002; revised January 16, 2003; accepted February 3, 2003. From the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York; Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; and New York University Department of Psychology, New York, New York. Address correspondence to Dr. Malaspina, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032; (E-mail)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Corcoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Received May 6, 2002; revised January 16, 2003; accepted February 3, 2003. From the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York; Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; and New York University Department of Psychology, New York, New York. Address correspondence to Dr. Malaspina, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032; (E-mail)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliza","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Received May 6, 2002; revised January 16, 2003; accepted February 3, 2003. From the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York; Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; and New York University Department of Psychology, New York, New York. Address correspondence to Dr. Malaspina, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032; (E-mail)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Printz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Received May 6, 2002; revised January 16, 2003; accepted February 3, 2003. From the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York; Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; and New York University Department of Psychology, New York, New York. Address correspondence to Dr. Malaspina, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032; (E-mail)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilianne","family":"Mujica-Parodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Received May 6, 2002; revised January 16, 2003; accepted February 3, 2003. From the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York; Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; and New York University Department of Psychology, New York, New York. Address correspondence to Dr. Malaspina, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032; (E-mail)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Wolitzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Received May 6, 2002; revised January 16, 2003; accepted February 3, 2003. From the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York; Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; and New York University Department of Psychology, New York, New York. Address correspondence to Dr. Malaspina, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032; (E-mail)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"230","reference":[{"key":"R47371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohr ME, Ayers JB: Problems encountered in development of instrumentation to measure figure-ground perception among young children. Percept Mot Skills 1976; 43:1221\u20131222","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1976.43.3f.1221"},{"key":"R47372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen P, Wikoff RL: The performance of adult males on the Southern California Figure-Ground Visual Perception Test. Am J Occup Ther 1983; 37:554\u2013560","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.37.8.554"},{"key":"R47373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen P, Goar D, Van Deusen J: Performance of female adults on the Southern California Visual Figure-Ground Perception Test. Am J Occup Ther 1985; 39:525\u2013530","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.39.8.525"},{"key":"R47374","unstructured":"Roper BL, Bieliauskas LA, Basso MR, et al: The influence of age and impairment status on the Southern California Figure-Ground Visual Perception Test (abstract). J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1995; 1:169"},{"key":"R47375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roper BL, Fiengo J, Holker EG, et al: Older adult norms for the Southern California Figure-Ground Visual Perception Test. Clin Neuropsychol 2001; 15:324\u2013328","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.15.3.324.10281"},{"key":"R47376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egelko S, Gordon WA, Hibbard MR, et al: Relationship among CT scans, neurological exam, and neuropsychological test performance in right-brain-damaged stroke patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1988; 10:539\u2013564","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638808402794"},{"key":"R47377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bieliauskas LA, Roper BL, Trobe J, et al: Cognitive measures, driving safety, and Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neuropsychol 1998; 12:206\u2013212","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.12.2.206.1994"},{"key":"R47378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vecera SP, O'Reilly RC: Figure-ground organization and object recognition processes: an interactive account. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1998; 24:441\u2013462","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0096-1523.24.2.441"},{"key":"R47379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson MA, Gibson BS: Object recognition contributions to figure-ground organization: operations on outlines and subjective contours. Percept Psychophys 1994; 56:551\u2013564","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206951"},{"key":"R473710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merigan WH, Maunsell JHR: How parallel are the primate visual pathways? Annu Rev Neurosci 1993; 16:369\u2013402","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.16.030193.002101"},{"key":"R473711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sereno AB, Holzman PS: Spatial selective attention in schizophrenic, affective disorder, and normal subjects. Schizophr Res 1996; 20:33\u201350","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(95)00077-1"},{"key":"R473712","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Donnell BF, Swearer JM, Smith LT, et al: Selective deficits in visual perception and recognition in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:687\u2013692","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.5.687"},{"key":"R473713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming K, Goldberg TE, Binks S, et al: Visuospatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41:43\u201349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00263-6"},{"key":"R473714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Mintz J: Backward masking in schizophrenia and mania, II: specifying the visual channels. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:945\u2013951","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950120017004"},{"key":"R473715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saccuzzo DS, Cadenhead KS, Braff DL: Backward versus forward visual masking deficits in schizophrenic patients: centrally, not peripherally, mediated? Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:1564\u20131570","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.12.1564"},{"key":"R473716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley MP, Bakan P: Eye tracking in normals: spem asymmetries and association with schizotypy. Int J Neurosci 1999; 98:27\u201381","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459908994793"},{"key":"R473717","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nkam I, Thibaut F, Denise P, et al: Saccadic and smooth-pursuit eye movements in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001; 48:145\u2013153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00165-6"},{"key":"R473718","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornblatt BA, Keilp JG: Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1994; 20:31\u201346","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/20.1.31"},{"key":"R473719","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler LE, Freedman R, Ross RG, et al: Elementary phenotypes in the neurobiological and genetic study of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46:8\u201318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00085-2"},{"key":"R473721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler PD, Schechter I, Zemon V, et al: Dysfunction of early-stage visual processing in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1126\u20131133","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1126"},{"key":"R473722","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liddle PF: Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychol Med 1987; 17:49\u201357","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700012976"},{"key":"R473723","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaspina D, Simon N, Corcoran C, et al: Using figure ground perception to examine the unitary and heterogeneity models for psychopathology in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2003; 59:297\u2013299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00380-2"},{"key":"R473724","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurnberger JI Jr, Blehar MC, Kaufmann CA, et al: Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies: rationale, unique features, and training. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:849\u2013859","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950110009002"},{"key":"R473726","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kay SR, Opler LA, Lindenmayer JP: The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): rationale and standardisation. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1989; 7:59\u201367","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000291514"},{"key":"R473727","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry W, Braff DL: A multimethod approach to assessing perseverations in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 1998; 33:69\u201377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00061-9"},{"key":"R473728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi A, Daneluzzo E, Mattei P, et al: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Stroop test performance in schizophrenia: a shared construct. Neurosci Lett 1997; 226:87\u201390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00253-X"},{"key":"R473729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voruganti LN, Heslegrave RJ, Awad AG: Neurocognitive correlates of positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 1997; 42:1066\u20131071","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379704201008"},{"key":"R473730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman I, Viegner B, Merson A, et al: Differential relationships between positive and negative symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997; 25:1\u201310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(96)00098-9"},{"key":"R473731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattson DT, Berk M, Lucas MD: A neuropsychological study of prefrontal lobe function in the positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia. J Genet Psychol 1997; 158:487\u2013494","DOI":"10.1080\/00221329709596685"},{"key":"R473732","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore CJ, Price CJ: A functional neuroimaging study of the variables that generate category-specific object processing differences. Brain 1999; 122:943\u2013962","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.5.943"},{"key":"R473733","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slaghuis WL, Bishop AM: Luminance flicker sensitivity in positive- and negative-symptom schizophrenia. Exp Brain Res 2001; 138:88\u201399","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100683"},{"key":"R473734","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardila A: Historical evolution of spatial abilities. Behav Neurol 1993; 6:83\u201387","DOI":"10.1155\/1993\/567986"},{"key":"R473735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaspina D, Harkavy-Friedman J, Kaufmann C, et al: Psychobiological heterogeneity of familial and sporadic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43:489\u2013496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00527-1"},{"key":"R473736","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaspina D, Goetz RR, Harkavy Friedman J, et al: Traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia in members of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder pedigrees. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:440\u2013446","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.440"},{"key":"R473738","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratarelli ME, Steitz BJ: Effects of gender on perception of spatial illusions. Percept Mot Skills 1995; 80:625\u2013626","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1995.80.2.625"},{"key":"R473739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedges LV, Nowell A: Sex differences in mental test scores, variability, and numbers of high-scoring individuals. Science 1995; 269:41\u201345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7604277"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/jnp.16.3.277","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T12:27:36Z","timestamp":1722169656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/jnp.16.3.277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/jnp.16.3.277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.16.3.277","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-0172","1545-7222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-0172","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-7222","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}}}