{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T16:32:05Z","timestamp":1775233925451,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]],"date-time":"2013-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Behavioral Scientist"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Exposure science has developed rapidly and there is an increasing call for greater precision in the measurement of individual exposures across space and time. Social science interest in an individual\u2019s environmental exposure, broadly conceived, has arguably been quite limited conceptually and methodologically. Indeed, in social science, we appear to lag behind our exposure science colleagues in our theories, data, and methods. In this article, we discuss a framework based on the concept of spatial polygamy to demonstrate the need to collect new forms of data on human spatial behavior and contextual exposures across time and space. Adopting new data and methods will be essential if one wants to better understand social inequality in terms of exposure to health risks and access to health resources. We discuss the opportunities and challenges focusing on the potential seemingly offered by focusing on human mobility and, specifically, the utilization of activity space concepts and data. A goal of the article is to spatialize social and health science concepts and research practice vis-\u00e0-vis the complexity of exposure. The article concludes with some recommendations for future research, focusing on theoretical and conceptual development promoting research on new types of places and human movement, the dynamic nature of contexts, and training. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764213487345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,7]],"date-time":"2013-05-07T04:00:40Z","timestamp":1367899240000},"page":"1057-1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Spatial Polygamy and Contextual Exposures (SPACEs)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}]},{"given":"Tse-Chuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05337.x"},{"key":"bibr2-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.03.010"},{"key":"bibr3-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.09.008"},{"key":"bibr4-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410600141"},{"key":"bibr5-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/470320a"},{"key":"bibr6-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471082X0100100202"},{"key":"bibr7-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Principles of geographic information systems","author":"Burroughs P. A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr8-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7482-2"},{"key":"bibr9-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Timing space and spacing time: Human activity and time geography","volume":"2","author":"Carlstein T.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr10-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.031308.100158"},{"key":"bibr11-0002764213487345","author":"Chaix B.","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bibr12-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.06.026"},{"key":"bibr13-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.025478"},{"key":"bibr14-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.07.018"},{"key":"bibr15-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi175"},{"key":"bibr16-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2010.11.002"},{"key":"bibr17-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa066082"},{"key":"bibr18-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010303419034"},{"key":"bibr19-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240807300505"},{"key":"bibr20-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2010.04.013"},{"key":"bibr21-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym033"},{"key":"bibr22-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.036"},{"key":"bibr23-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.11.1783"},{"key":"bibr24-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195138382.003.0003"},{"key":"bibr25-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300149"},{"key":"bibr26-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682X.1961.tb00518.x"},{"key":"bibr27-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2011.595657"},{"key":"bibr28-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2007.0045"},{"key":"bibr29-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511803"},{"key":"bibr30-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Generative social science: Studies in agent-based computational modeling","author":"Epstein J. M.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr31-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2009.09.008"},{"key":"bibr32-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.11.042"},{"key":"bibr33-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Geographically weighted regression: The analysis of spatially varying relationship","author":"Fotheringham A. S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr34-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/a231025"},{"key":"bibr35-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Everyday life: Women\u2019s adaptive strategies in time and space","author":"Friberg T.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr36-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.08.022"},{"key":"bibr37-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Managing to make it: Urban families and adolescent success","author":"Furstenberg F. F.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr38-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-70812-6"},{"key":"bibr39-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980120087072"},{"key":"bibr40-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0004-5608.00114"},{"key":"bibr41-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.08.044"},{"key":"bibr42-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Spatial behavior: A geographical perspective","author":"Golledge R. G.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr43-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958"},{"key":"bibr44-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-007-9111-y"},{"key":"bibr45-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/a160807"},{"key":"bibr46-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-010-9340-3"},{"key":"bibr47-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Putting people on the map: Protecting confidentiality with linked social-spatial data","author":"Gutman M. P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr48-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Innovation diffusion as a spatial process","author":"H\u00e4gerstrand T.","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr49-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1435-5597.1970.tb01464.x"},{"key":"bibr50-0002764213487345","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Behavior and environment","author":"Hanson S.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr51-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3638.6.3.193"},{"key":"bibr52-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240707200501"},{"key":"bibr53-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.051"},{"key":"bibr54-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Human spatial behavior: A social geography","author":"Jakle J. A.","year":"1976"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr55-0002764213487345","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Geographical Systems: The International Journal of Geographical Information, Analysis, Theory and Decision","volume":"5","author":"Janelle D. G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr56-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195138382.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr57-0002764213487345","volume-title":"The urban neighborhood","author":"Keller S.","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr58-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7482-2_1"},{"key":"bibr59-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-58"},{"key":"bibr60-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041418"},{"key":"bibr61-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0033-0124.00158"},{"key":"bibr62-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-090X(00)00017-6"},{"key":"bibr63-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0435-3684.2004.00167.x"},{"key":"bibr64-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.687349"},{"key":"bibr65-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00330120802211752"},{"key":"bibr66-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Mobilities, networks, geographies","author":"Larsen J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr67-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2007.08.002"},{"key":"bibr68-0002764213487345","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Thresholds in feminist geography: Difference, methodology, representation","author":"Laws G.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr69-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00726.x"},{"key":"bibr70-0002764213487345","first-page":"922","volume":"78","author":"Lee B. A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Social Science Quarterly"},{"key":"bibr71-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9663.2010.00649.x"},{"key":"bibr72-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420064254"},{"key":"bibr73-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.2.309"},{"key":"bibr74-0002764213487345","first-page":"737","volume":"73","author":"Leventhal T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"bibr75-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1941447"},{"key":"bibr76-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-010-9343-0"},{"key":"bibr77-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1103216"},{"key":"bibr78-0002764213487345","volume-title":"The image of the city","author":"Lynch K.","year":"1960"},{"key":"bibr79-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00214-3"},{"key":"bibr80-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(02)00074-9"},{"key":"bibr81-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.12.001"},{"key":"bibr82-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7482-2_3"},{"key":"bibr83-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.02.004"},{"key":"bibr84-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/2288-1450-W061-R664"},{"key":"bibr85-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society","author":"Matthews S. A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr86-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799108927856"},{"key":"bibr87-0002764213487345","first-page":"1357","volume":"33","author":"Mitchell R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environment and Planning A"},{"key":"bibr88-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558707312501"},{"key":"bibr89-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374405"},{"key":"bibr90-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Examining the health disparities research plan of the National Institutes of Health: Unfinished business","author":"National Academy of Sciences","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr91-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195173444.003.0011"},{"key":"bibr92-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Paper presented at conference of the National Institutes of Health","author":"Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr93-0002764213487345","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Statistical methods in the spatial sciences","author":"Openshaw S.","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr94-0002764213487345","author":"Palmer J. R. B.","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"bibr95-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology","author":"Patrick K.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr96-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/142726"},{"key":"bibr97-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124108330005"},{"key":"bibr98-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.10.035"},{"key":"bibr99-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.02.011"},{"key":"bibr100-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-43"},{"key":"bibr101-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Feminism and geography: The limits of geographical knowledge","author":"Rose G.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr102-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312249906400501"},{"key":"bibr103-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710189104"},{"key":"bibr104-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Neighborhood definitions and the spatial dimensions of daily lives in Los Angeles","author":"Sastry N.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr105-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2008.11.012"},{"key":"bibr106-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2008.01114.x"},{"key":"bibr107-0002764213487345","volume-title":"From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development","author":"Shonkoff J. P.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr108-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2009.00685.x"},{"key":"bibr109-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.048"},{"key":"bibr110-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.08.028"},{"key":"bibr111-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.07.039"},{"key":"bibr112-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.411"},{"key":"bibr113-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2007.54.3.319"},{"key":"bibr114-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Women attached","author":"Tivers J.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr115-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.12.032"},{"key":"bibr116-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Space and place: The perspective of experience","author":"Tuan Y.-F.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr117-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Exploratory data analysis","author":"Tukey J. W.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr118-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Current population survey","author":"U.S. Census Bureau","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr119-0002764213487345","volume-title":"Estimated daytime population and employment-residence ratios: 2000","author":"U.S. Census Bureau","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr120-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.04.009"},{"key":"bibr121-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.08.009"},{"key":"bibr122-0002764213487345","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Ethnography and human development: Context and meaning in social enquiry","author":"Weisner T. S.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr123-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456"},{"key":"bibr124-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122411420816"},{"key":"bibr125-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-010-0112-x"},{"key":"bibr126-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.04.005"},{"key":"bibr127-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2138-8_8"},{"key":"bibr128-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810701427569"},{"key":"bibr129-0002764213487345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2011.05.001"}],"container-title":["American Behavioral Scientist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0002764213487345","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0002764213487345","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0002764213487345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T13:41:35Z","timestamp":1740836495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0002764213487345"}},"subtitle":["Promoting Activity Space Approaches in Research on Place And Health"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0002764213487345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764213487345","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-7642","1552-3381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-7642","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]]}}}