{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T02:08:45Z","timestamp":1782785325672,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Am Psychoanal Assoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The replacement child, often given the name of the deceased, is prone to fantasies that he or she is the embodiment of the dead child. Vincent van Gogh was born one year to the day after a stillborn brother of the identical name, including the middle name, Willem. In the parish register van Gogh was given the same number twenty-nine as his predecessor brother. Van Gogh\u2019s fantasies of death and rebirth, of being a double and a twin, contributed to both his psychopathology and his creativity. The replacement theme in van Gogh\u2019s life and work is evident in his voluminous correspondence containing drawings and references to his art. His parents and his brother Theo are viewed as having shared a familial fantasy system. Van Gogh\u2019s self-portraits are regarded as relevant to his being a replacement child. No single fantasy or theme can account for the complexities of development, disorder, or creativity. Van Gogh\u2019s art was vastly overdetermined, including extraordinary endowment and the motivation of a replacement child to justify his survival, surpass his rival double\/twin through great achievement, repair parental depression, and defy death through immortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0003065109357344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,12]],"date-time":"2010-01-12T22:14:44Z","timestamp":1263334484000},"page":"1311-1326","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Van Gogh\u2019s Fantasies of Replacement: Being a Double and a Twin"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Harold P.","family":"Blum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU School of Medicine; Executive Director, Sigmund Freud Archives,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00797308.2000.11822527"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21674086.1972.11926609"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"307","volume":"13","author":"Blum, H.","year":"1956","journal-title":"American Imago"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00030651010490040501"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/rfp.672.0673"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60158-8"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Van Gogh and Gauguin","author":"Collins, B.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"The Unspeakable Confessions of Salvador Dali, transl. H.J. Salemson","author":"Dali, S.","year":"1973"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Dorn, R. ( 2000). The Arles period: Symbolic means, decorative ends. In Van Gogh Face to Face. 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( 1981). An analytic inquiry into the life and work of Heinrich Schliemann. In Lives, Events and Other Players, ed. J. Coltrera. New York: Aronson, pp. 175-201."},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00107530.1988.10746263"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000306517402200106"},{"key":"atypb25","unstructured":"Sund, J. ( 2000). Famine to feast: Portrait making at St. Remy and Auvers . In Van Gogh Face to Face. Detroit: Institute of Art, pp. 182-227."},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"The Complete Letters of Vincent van Gogh. 3 vols","author":"Van Gogh-Bonger, J.","year":"1959"},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Van Gogh: The Complete Paintings. 2","author":"Walther, I.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winnicott, D.W. ( 1960). Ego distortion in terms of true and false self. In The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. 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