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The authors who contributed to this Section on Psychoanalytic Education have suggested a number of paths forward. One path involves teaching candidates to think critically. A number of ways to do so are suggested: (a) always explaining the theoretical rationale underlying analytic interventions, (b) explicitly linking theoretical constructs with the clinical phenomena to which they refer; (c) using developmental research to evaluate different theoretical \u201cpsychoanalytic babies\u201d; and (d) disciplined examination of key theoretical differences of opinion. In addition, Freud\u2019s writings can be used to promote thinking analytically and to consolidate an analytic identity. Finally, the value of developing a unified or integrated psychoanalytic model is endorsed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00030651261448472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T10:06:37Z","timestamp":1779876397000},"page":"611-622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["So, Is There Hope? Directions to Improving our Field: Conclusion to the Education Section"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1094-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Sugarman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"A meeting of minds: Mutuality in psychoanalysis","author":"Aron L.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aron L. (1996). 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