{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:53:45Z","timestamp":1793278425010,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,2]],"date-time":"2018-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R211AA023210-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R211AA023210-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LSS-1457193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSS-1457193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am Sociol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on inmate social order, a once-vibrant area, receded just as U.S. incarceration rates climbed and the country\u2019s carceral contexts dramatically changed. This study returns to inmate society with an abductive mixed-methods investigation of informal status within a contemporary men\u2019s prison unit. We collected narrative and social network data from 133 male inmates housed in a unit of a Pennsylvania medium-security prison. Analyses of inmate narratives suggest that unit \u201cold heads\u201d provide collective goods in the form of mentoring and role modeling that foster a positive and stable peer environment. We test this hypothesis with Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) of peer nomination data. The ERGM results complement the qualitative analysis and suggest that older inmates and inmates who have been on the unit longer are perceived by their peers as powerful and influential. Both analytic strategies point to the maturity of aging and the acquisition of local knowledge as important for attaining informal status in the unit. In summary, this mixed-methods case study extends theoretical insights of classic prison ethnographies, adds quantifiable results capable of future replication, and points to a growing population of older inmates as important for contemporary prison social organization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122417710462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T14:11:53Z","timestamp":1496412713000},"page":"685-718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Where \u201cOld Heads\u201d Prevail: Inmate Hierarchy in a Men\u2019s Prison Unit"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Derek A.","family":"Kreager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob T.N.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana L.","family":"Haynie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California\u2013Irvine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Zajac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","volume-title":"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness","author":"Alexander Michelle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alexander Michelle. 2012. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","volume-title":"Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City","author":"Anderson Elijah","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anderson Elijah. 1999. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: W.W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.865189"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2352(96)00054-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","unstructured":"Carson E. Ann Sabol William J. 2016. \u201cAging of the State Prison Population 1993\u20132013.\u201d Washington DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2094909"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","volume-title":"The Punishment Imperative: The Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America","author":"Clear Todd R.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clear Todd R., Frost Natasha A. 2013. The Punishment Imperative: The Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America. New York: NYU Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","volume-title":"The Prison Community","author":"Clemmer Donald","year":"1940","unstructured":"Clemmer Donald. 1940. The Prison Community. New Braunfels, TX: Christopher Publishing House."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","volume-title":"The Penitentiary in Crisis: From Accommodation to Riot in New Mexico","author":"Colvin Mark","year":"1992","unstructured":"Colvin Mark. 1992. The Penitentiary in Crisis: From Accommodation to Riot in New Mexico. Albany: SUNY Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474505057122"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Handbook on Prisons","author":"Crewe Ben","year":"2007","unstructured":"Crewe Ben. 2007. \u201cThe Sociology of Imprisonment.\u201d Pp. 123\u201351 in Handbook on Prisons, edited by Jewkes Y. New York: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199577965.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2016.1190394"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_1","volume-title":"The American Prison: Imagining a Different Future","author":"Cullen Francis T.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cullen Francis T., Jonson Cheryl Lero, Stohr Mary K. 2013. The American Prison: Imagining a Different Future. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_1","volume-title":"Governing Prisons","author":"DiIulio John J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"DiIulio John J. 1987. Governing Prisons. New York: The Free Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1986.10478342"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341744"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/227905"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2005.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1981.10477598"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_23_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"\u201cDoing Time with Lifers: A Reflective Study of Life Sentence Prisoners.\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Honeywell David","year":"2015","unstructured":"Honeywell David. 2015. \u201cDoing Time with Lifers: A Reflective Study of Life Sentence Prisoners.\u201d British Journal of Community Justice 13(1):93\u2013104.","journal-title":"British Journal of Community Justice"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2006.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/106186006X133069"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter David R. Handcock Mark S. Butts Carter T. Goodreau Steven M. Morris Martina. 2008. \u201cErgm: A Package to Fit Simulate and Diagnose Exponential-Family Models for Networks.\u201d Journal of Statistical Software 24(3). Retrieved (http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2743438&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v024.i03"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_1","volume-title":"The Warehouse Prison: Disposal of the New Dangerous Class","author":"Irwin John","year":"2005","unstructured":"Irwin John. 2005. The Warehouse Prison: Disposal of the New Dangerous Class. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203876220"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/799047"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_1","volume-title":"Stateville: The Penitentiary in Mass Society","author":"Jacobs James B.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Jacobs James B. 1977. Stateville: The Penitentiary in Mass Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315797779"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003288550208200303"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_1","volume-title":"Hard Time: Understanding and Reforming the Prison","author":"Johnson Robert","year":"1987","unstructured":"Johnson Robert. 1987. Hard Time: Understanding and Reforming the Prison. Monterey, CA: Brooks\/Cole."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_6_34_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"\u201cMature Coping among Life-Sentenced Inmates: An Exploratory Study of Adjustment Dynamics.\u201d","volume":"30","author":"Johnson Robert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson Robert, Dobrzanska Ania. 2005. \u201cMature Coping among Life-Sentenced Inmates: An Exploratory Study of Adjustment Dynamics.\u201d Corrections Compendium 30(6):8\u20139.","journal-title":"Corrections Compendium"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_1","volume-title":"Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings","author":"Kadushin Charles","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kadushin Charles. 2012. Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2785876"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12126"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_1","unstructured":"Kim KiDeuk Peterson Bryce. 2014. Aging Behind Bars: Trends and Implications of Graying Prisoners in the Federal Prison System. Retrieved (http:\/\/www.urban.org\/sites\/default\/files\/alfresco\/publication-pdfs\/413222-Aging-Behind-Bars-Trends-and-Implications-of-Graying-Prisoners-in-the-Federal-Prison-System.PDF)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0081-1750.2004.00153.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2015.1016090"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_1","volume-title":"Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology","author":"Krippendorff Klaus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krippendorff Klaus. 2004. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_1","volume-title":"Marking Time in the Golden State: Women\u2019s Imprisonment in California","author":"Kruttschnitt Candace","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kruttschnitt Candace, Gartner Rosemary. 2005. Marking Time in the Golden State: Women\u2019s Imprisonment in California. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/nws.2016.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.5.635"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_1","unstructured":"Leger Jean-Benoist. 2015. \u201cBlockmodels: Latent and Stochastic Block Model Estimation by a \u2018V-EM\u2019 Algorithm.\u201d Retrieved ( https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/blockmodels\/)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00036"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2012.06.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_6_48_1","article-title":"\u201cA Relational Hyperlink Analysis of an Online Social Movement.\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Lusher Dean","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lusher Dean, Ackland Robert. 2011. \u201cA Relational Hyperlink Analysis of an Online Social Movement.\u201d Journal of Social Structure 12(5).","journal-title":"Journal of Social Structure"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/19416520802211628"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/10-AOAS361"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400830534"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10430-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_53_1","first-page":"149","volume-title":"The Prison: Studies in Institutional Organization and Change","author":"McCleery Richard H.","year":"1961","unstructured":"McCleery Richard H. 1961. \u201cThe Governmental Process and Informal Social Control.\u201d Pp. 149\u201388 in The Prison: Studies in Institutional Organization and Change, edited by Cressey D. R. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10511251003693694"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12017"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azv098"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_58_1","volume-title":"Application of the Group Method of Classification","author":"Moreno Jacob L.","year":"1932","unstructured":"Moreno Jacob L. 1932. Application of the Group Method of Classification. New York: National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_59_1","volume-title":"Who Shall Survive?","author":"Moreno Jacob L.","year":"1934","unstructured":"Moreno Jacob L. 1934. Who Shall Survive? New York: Beacon House."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e479702006-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_61_1","unstructured":"Nellis Ashley Chung Jean. 2013. Life Goes On: The Historic Rise in Life Sentences in America. Washington DC: The Sentencing Project. Retrieved (http:\/\/sentencingproject.org\/doc\/publications\/inc_LifeGoesOn2013.pdf)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_62_1","volume-title":"Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons, 2000\u20132011, Statistical Tables","author":"Noonan Margaret","year":"2013","unstructured":"Noonan Margaret, Ginder Scott. 2013. Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons, 2000\u20132011, Statistical Tables. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214501753208735"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102615"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374403"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_66_1","volume-title":"A Life for a Life: Life Imprisonment: America\u2019s Other Death Penalty","author":"Paluch James A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paluch James A., Bernard Thomas J., Johnson Robert. 2003. A Life for a Life: Life Imprisonment: America\u2019s Other Death Penalty. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597791"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12091"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122413486800"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.01.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431698018002001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_72_1","unstructured":"Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. 2011. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Policy: Reception and Classification. Retrieved (http:\/\/www.cor.pa.gov\/About%20Us\/Documents\/DOC%20Policies\/11.02.01%20Reception%20and%20Classification.pdf)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/70.2.367"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_74_1","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology","author":"Ridgeway Cecilia L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ridgeway Cecilia L., Walker Henry A. 1995. \u201cStatus Structures.\u201d Pp. 281\u2013310 in Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, edited by Cook K., Fine G., House J. New York: Allyn and Bacon."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11133-010-9152-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2006.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2005.00013.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071811-145503"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_79_1","article-title":"\u201cFriends in Locked Places: An Investigation of Prison Inmate Network Structure.\u201d","author":"Schaefer David R.","unstructured":"Schaefer David R., Bouchard Martin, Young Jacob T.N., Kreager Derek A. Forthcoming. \u201cFriends in Locked Places: An Investigation of Prison Inmate Network Structure.\u201d Social Networks.","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362480600004003003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199328499.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474510396313"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102657"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122416650149"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.34.040507.134601"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2006.00176.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_87_1","article-title":"\u201cThe Prisonized Old Head Intergenerational Socialization and the Fusion of Ghetto and Prison Culture.\u201d","author":"Stuart Forrest","unstructured":"Stuart Forrest, Miller Reuben Jonathan. Forthcoming. \u201cThe Prisonized Old Head Intergenerational Socialization and the Fusion of Ghetto and Prison Culture.\u201d Journal of Contemporary Ethnography.","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Ethnography"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_88_1","volume-title":"The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison","author":"Sykes Gresham M.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Sykes Gresham M. 1958. The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_89_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Theoretical Studies in Social Organization of the Prison","author":"Sykes Gresham M.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Sykes Gresham M., Messinger Sheldon. 1960. \u201cThe Inmate Social System.\u201d Pp. 5\u201319 in Theoretical Studies in Social Organization of the Prison, edited by Cloward R. A., Cressey D. R. New York: Social Science Research Council."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_90_1","volume-title":"Prison Homicide","author":"Sylvester Sawyer F.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Sylvester Sawyer F., Reed John H., Nelson David O. 1977. Prison Homicide. Jamaica, NY: Spectrum Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240006500305"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735275112457914"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_93_1","volume-title":"Living in Prison: The Ecology of Survival","author":"Toch Hans","year":"1977","unstructured":"Toch Hans. 1977. Living in Prison: The Ecology of Survival. New York: Free Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_94_1","volume-title":"The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences","author":"Travis Jeremy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Travis Jeremy, Western Bruce, Redburn Steve. 2014. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. Washington, DC: National Academies Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_95_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Justice. 2004. Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook. Retrieved (https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/about-us\/cjis\/ucr\/additional-ucr-publications\/ucr_handbook.pdf)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474506059141"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14624740122228276"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1466138102003004012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102551"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2015.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294547"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_102_1","volume-title":"Punishment and Inequality in America","author":"Western Bruce","year":"2006","unstructured":"Western Bruce. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/226141"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0052"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240907400102"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653658"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-010-9105-7"}],"container-title":["American Sociological Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0003122417710462","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0003122417710462","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0003122417710462","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0003122417710462","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:24:08Z","timestamp":1777379048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0003122417710462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0003122417710462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0003122417710462","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1224","1939-8271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1224","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-8271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]]}}}