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Based on Weber\u2019s definition of status as rooted in either cultural or class conditions, we argue that a consistent operationalization of occupational status must account for both of these dimensions. Using quantitative measures of cultural sentiments for occupational identities, we use affect control theory to model the network deference relations across occupations. We calculate a measure of the extent to which one occupational actor deferring to another is incongruent with cultural expectations for all possible combinations of 304 occupational titles. Because high-status actors are less likely to defer to low-status actors, the degree to which these events violate cultural expectations provides an indicator of the relative status position of different occupations. We assess the construct validity of our new deference score measure using Harris Poll data. Deference scores are more predictive of status rankings from poll data than are occupational prestige scores. We establish criterion validity using five theoretically relevant workplace outcomes: subjective work attachment, job satisfaction, general happiness, the importance of meaningful work, and perceived respect at work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122418761857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]],"date-time":"2018-03-15T14:43:52Z","timestamp":1521125032000},"page":"243-277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["The Structure of Deference: Modeling Occupational Status Using Affect Control Theory"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0309-2911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E.","family":"Freeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth City State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Hoey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poetic.2007.03.005"},{"key":"bibr2-0003122418761857","unstructured":"Allott Daniel. 2017. \u201cHow Trump Ate Hillary\u2019s Lunch in Cracker Barrel Counties: Both the President and the Restaurant Chain Offer Nostalgia for an Older American Way.\u201d Washington Examiner, May 29 (http:\/\/2020.washingtonexaminer.com\/robeson-county\/how-donald-trump-ate-hillarys-lunch-in-cracker-barrel-counties\/)."},{"key":"bibr3-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313321111"},{"key":"bibr4-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2666962"},{"key":"bibr5-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9558.00157"},{"key":"bibr6-0003122418761857","volume-title":"The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America is Tearing Us Apart","author":"Bishop Bill","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr7-0003122418761857","volume-title":"Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste","author":"Bourdieu Pierre","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr8-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-010-9369-x"},{"key":"bibr9-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240406900205"},{"key":"bibr10-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jch033"},{"key":"bibr11-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508792"},{"key":"bibr12-0003122418761857","unstructured":"Corso Regina A. 2009. \u201cHarris Poll # 86, August 4, 2009.\u201d Rochester, NY: The Harris Poll, Harris Interactive."},{"key":"bibr13-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(07)00002-0"},{"key":"bibr14-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243210361475"},{"key":"bibr15-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004912417600400401"},{"key":"bibr16-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.11.005"},{"key":"bibr17-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1956.58.3.02a00070"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr18-0003122418761857","first-page":"201","volume":"137","author":"Goldthorpe John H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Investigaciones Sociol\u00f3gicas"},{"issue":"17","key":"bibr19-0003122418761857","first-page":"2","volume":"11","author":"Goldthorpe John H.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Social Science Information"},{"key":"bibr20-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.1976.tb02154.x"},{"key":"bibr21-0003122418761857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9531.271028"},{"key":"bibr22-0003122418761857","volume-title":"Understanding Events","author":"Heise David R.","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr23-0003122418761857","volume-title":"Expressive Order: Confirming Sentiments in Social Actions","author":"Heise David R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr24-0003122418761857","volume-title":"Surveying Cultures: Discovering Shared Conceptions and Sentiments","author":"Heise David R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr25-0003122418761857","unstructured":"Heise David R. 2016a. \u201cInteract.\u201d Bloomington: University of Indiana. 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