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Cross-national scholars describe a \u201ccredit\u2013welfare state tradeoff\u201d where credit markets become particularly important when state benefits are less supportive. The United States is frequently highlighted in this regard, with its often-inadequate market-first safety net. Both credit markets and the safety net are, however, highly unequal and segmented across U.S. states. We provide new empirical insights on the credit\u2013welfare state nexus by leveraging a large national sample of credit record data that allows us to distinguish between credit instruments. We link these data to a comprehensive dataset on state safety nets with comparable measures of program supportiveness. We estimate two-way fixed-effects models that exploit temporal variation within states in safety net supportiveness. We find that living in states with more supportive safety nets is associated with a lower probability of high-cost alternative payday, installment, and personal finance loan use, and a higher probability of mainstream credit card access, particularly among low-income households. In the context of the relative inadequacy of the U.S. safety net, state safety net supportiveness matters less for whether people borrow than for what credit instruments they use. Our findings suggest that efforts to restrict the U.S. safety net are likely to increase reliance on high-cost loans among low-income households, furthering the unequal burden of interest and fees levied on these households.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031224251411563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T02:48:19Z","timestamp":1771814899000},"page":"349-377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unsecured Credit and the Social Safety Net in U.S. States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5103-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alec P.","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-6473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davon","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1278-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Houle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8256-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-9971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Bruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7913-1059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","unstructured":"Aladangady Aditya Bricker Jesse Young Andrew C. et al. 2023. \u201cChanges in U.S. Family Finances from 2019 to 2022: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances.\u201d Washington DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/publications\/changes-in-us-family-finances-from-2019-to-2022.htm)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15195\/v9.a5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartik Alexander W. 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