{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:21:01Z","timestamp":1777447261042,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Herbert Hoover, the archetypal self-made man, was the 31st president of the United States. His term in office was overwhelmed by the Great Depression and he was defeated by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1932 November presidential election. His post-presidential years were spent writing and serving 4 subsequent presidents. Near the end of his life, he underwent a cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones and a colectomy for colon cancer. His health care was complicated by the development of cirrhosis and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. After his 90th birthday, he died in October 1964 from massive bleeding due to a Dieulafoy lesion of the gastric cardia. This manuscript will review the details of his health and the physicians who cared for Hoover during his final years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134820942284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T07:59:06Z","timestamp":1603871946000},"page":"532-537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Final Illness of Herbert Hoover"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Theodore Nick","family":"Pappas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Month of mourning for Hoover. Los Angeles Times. October 21, 1964:1."},{"key":"bibr2-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Lyons E. Band ignored usual salute: Part I Herbert Hoover story. Los Angeles Times. October 25, 1964:K1."},{"key":"bibr3-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Folliard ET. Mr. Hoover survived rough political years. The Washington Post. October 21, 1964:B17."},{"key":"bibr4-0003134820942284","unstructured":"31st president achieved prominence in four major careers during his lifetime. New York Times. October 21, 1964:40."},{"key":"bibr5-0003134820942284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepore MJ. The Life of the Clinician: The Autobiography of Michael Lepore. University of Rochester Press; 2001:363-377.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781580466127"},{"key":"bibr6-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover recovering from illness. New York Times. September 22, 1950:16."},{"key":"bibr7-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Oral History Interview with Fordyce B. St. John MD by Raymond Henle. The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library. West Branch Iowa. February 29, 1968."},{"key":"bibr8-0003134820942284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(49)90412-X"},{"key":"bibr9-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Antonelli MJ., Calabrese CM., Calabrese LH., Kushner I. A brief history of American rheumatology.\n                      The Rheumatologist\n                      . 2015. Accessed June 1, 2020. https:\/\/www.the-rheumatologist.org\/article\/a-brief-history-of-american-rheumatology\/3\/"},{"key":"bibr10-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Obituary, Boots-Ralph H MD. New York Times. 23 October 1968:47."},{"key":"bibr11-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover in hospital: Ex-president admitted for tests - crisis denied. New York Times. April 19, 1958:9."},{"key":"bibr12-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Herbert Hoover operated on here: His condition is termed \u201cVERY SATISFACTORY\u201d after removal of gallbladder. New York Times. April 20, 1958:1."},{"key":"bibr13-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover on his feet twice during day. New York Times. April 22, 1958:25."},{"key":"bibr14-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Freeman IH Hoover home again after surgery. New York Times. May 4, 1958:1."},{"key":"bibr15-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Dr. Rudolph Schullinger dead; surgeon operated on Hoover. New York Times. June 30, 1969:39."},{"key":"bibr16-0003134820942284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-194710000-00006"},{"key":"bibr17-0003134820942284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1950.01250011101005"},{"key":"bibr18-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Rodgers, James Beall MD. New York Times. March 11, 2005:A21."},{"key":"bibr19-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Fordyce St. John surgeon, 89, dies: Director helped to plan Columbia-Presbyterian. New York Times. September 21, 1973:44."},{"key":"bibr20-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Niebling RF. Edward S. Harkness, 1874-1940. The Phillips Exeter Bulletin, Fall; 1982:5-8. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060910010950\/http:\/\/www.exeter.edu\/documents\/Harkness_Niebling.pdf"},{"key":"bibr21-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Edward S. Harkness dies at 66; gave $100,000,000 to the public. New York Times. January 30, 1940:1."},{"key":"bibr22-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Dr. Franklin Hanger. New York Times. October 12, 1971:46."},{"key":"bibr23-0003134820942284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195005000-00017"},{"key":"bibr24-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Arthur Blakemore, surgeon and teacher, dead. New York Times. October 10, 1970:26."},{"key":"bibr25-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Herbert Hoover enters hospital for checkup. Chicago Daily Tribune. August 21, 1962:20."},{"key":"bibr26-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover to remain in N.Y. hospital. The Washington Post. August 25, 1962:A4."},{"key":"bibr27-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Herbert Hoover will have surgery today. Los Angeles Times. August 28, 1962:1."},{"key":"bibr28-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Oral history interview with Rudolph N. Schullinger MD by Charles T. Moorissey. The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch Iowa. October 27, 1968."},{"key":"bibr29-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Kihss P. Hoover is reported \u201cfine\u201d after surgery. New York Times. August 29, 1962:1."},{"key":"bibr30-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Herbert Hoover better, leaves bed for a while. Chicago Daily Tribune. August 31, 1962:17."},{"key":"bibr31-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover walks and eats more, hospital says. Chicago Daily Tribune. September 4, 1962:10."},{"key":"bibr32-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Herbert Hoover tumor cancerous, tests show. Los Angeles Times. September 5, 1962:5."},{"key":"bibr33-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover \u201cvery satisfactory. New York Times. September 7, 1962:25."},{"key":"bibr34-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover takes hospital stroll. New York Times. September 11, 1962:8."},{"key":"bibr35-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover expected to leave hospital soon. The Washington Post. September 14, 1962:A5."},{"key":"bibr36-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Herbert hoover to quit hospital. Los Angeles Times. September 16, 1962:D11."},{"key":"bibr37-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Herbert Hoover is seriously ill. Los Angeles Times. June 15, 1963:1."},{"key":"bibr38-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hevesi D. John K. Lattimer, Urologist of varied expertise, dies at 92. New York Times. May 13, 2007:35."},{"key":"bibr39-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover condition continues grave. The Washington Post. June 17, 1963:A1."},{"key":"bibr40-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover's improvement held almost miraculous. Los Angeles Times. June 20, 1963:1."},{"key":"bibr41-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Physicians hail Hoover recovery. The Washington Post. June 21, 1963:2."},{"key":"bibr42-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Herbert Hoover continues to show improvement. New York Times. June 23, 1963:22."},{"key":"bibr43-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover continues to improve, doctors say. Chicago Tribune. June 29, 1963:2."},{"key":"bibr44-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Oral History interview with Michael J Lepore MD by Raymond Henle. The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch Iowa. December 5, 1966."},{"key":"bibr45-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Herbert Hoover seriously ill in his N.Y. hotel. Los Angeles Times. February 6, 1964:1."},{"key":"bibr46-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover is stricken by kidney ailment; condition is serious. New York Times. February 26, 1964:71."},{"key":"bibr47-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover still gains; bulletins cease. New York Times. February 28, 1964:10."},{"key":"bibr48-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover honor at 90 is voted by senate. New York Times. July 24, 1964:17."},{"key":"bibr49-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Bilitz W. Transfusions aid Hoover: Endures 3D hemorrhage in 16 months. Chicago Tribune. October 19, 1964:1."},{"key":"bibr50-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Obituary of Howard A. Patterson. New York Times. March 31, 1985:38."},{"key":"bibr51-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Patterson HA. This time is a good time. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons March-April, p 1-5. 1966. Accessed June 1 2020. https:\/\/www.facs.org\/-\/media\/files\/archives\/patterson1965.ashx"},{"key":"bibr52-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Lelyveld J. Hoover is stricken; former president reported \u201ccritical. New York Times. October 19, 1964:1."},{"key":"bibr53-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Hoover falls into coma but rallies. Los Angeles Times. October 20, 1964:1."},{"key":"bibr54-0003134820942284","unstructured":"Phillips M. Herbert Hoover is dead; Ex-president, 90, served country in varied fields. New York Times. 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