{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:21:10Z","timestamp":1777447270626,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study the relationship between race and outcomes of patients with firearm injuries hospitalized in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2016 National Inpatient Sample was used. Patients were included if they had a principal diagnosis of firearm injury. Exclusion criteria were age &lt;16 years and elective admissions. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were morbidity (traumatic shock, prolonged mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ADRS], and ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), and resource utilization (length of stay and total hospitalization charges and costs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample included 31 335 patients; 52% were Black and 29% were Caucasian. The mean age was 32 years and 88% were male. Black patients had lower odds of mortality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.41 (95% CI: 0.32-0.53), P &lt; .01). However, compared with Caucasians, Blacks had higher mean total hospitalization charges (adjusted mean difference (aMD) : $14 052 (CI: $1469-$26 635), P = .03) and costs (aMD: $3248 (CI: $654-$5842), P = .01) despite similar mean length of stay (aMD: 0.70 (CI: \u22120.05-1.45), P = .07). Both racial groups had similar rates of traumatic shock (aOR: 0.91 (0.72-1.15), P = .44), prolonged mechanical ventilation (aOR: 0.82 (0.63-1.09), P = .17), ARDS (aOR: 1.18 (0.45-3.07), P = .74) and VAP (aOR: 1.27 (0.47-3.41), P = .63).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Black patients with firearm injuries had a lower adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality compared with other races. However, despite having a similar hospital length of stay and in-hospital morbidity, -Black patients had higher total hospitalization costs and charges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134820943558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T02:41:22Z","timestamp":1598150482000},"page":"1113-1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Race Impacts Outcomes of Patients With Firearm Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Peluso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Prisma Health Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Cull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Prisma Health Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwan S.","family":"Abougergi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalyst Medical Consulting, Simpsonville, SC, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.06.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr2-0003134820943558","first-page":"1","volume":"65","author":"Kochanek KD.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"bibr3-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2018.03.002"},{"key":"bibr4-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002529"},{"key":"bibr5-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122535"},{"key":"bibr6-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303620"},{"key":"bibr7-0003134820943558","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), Fatal Injury Reports. Accessed November 28, 2019. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars"},{"key":"bibr8-0003134820943558","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), \u201cFatal and Non-fatal Injury Reports\u201d. Accessed November 28, 2019. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars"},{"key":"bibr9-0003134820943558","unstructured":"U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. NRD description of data elements. 2014. Accessed December 18, 2019. https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/db\/nation\/nrd\/nrddde.jsp"},{"key":"bibr10-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-017-0120-0"},{"key":"bibr11-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303684"},{"key":"bibr12-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2017-000139"},{"key":"bibr13-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90133-8"},{"key":"bibr14-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067"},{"key":"bibr15-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4086-1"},{"key":"bibr16-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181e74fcf"},{"key":"bibr17-0003134820943558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3149\/jmh.1003.240"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr18-0003134820943558","first-page":"IV-26-35.","volume":"40","author":"Klabunde CN.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Care"}],"container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0003134820943558","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0003134820943558","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0003134820943558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:33:49Z","timestamp":1777379629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0003134820943558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0003134820943558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0003134820943558","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-9823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]}}}