{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:21:44Z","timestamp":1777447304438,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Racial and socioeconomic disparities in health access and outcomes for many conditions is well known. However, for time-sensitive high-acuity diseases such as traumatic injuries, disparities in access and outcomes should be significantly diminished. Our primary objective was to characterize racial disparities across majority, mixed-race, and minority hospitals for African American ([AA] vs White) males with high-grade splenic injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the National Trauma Data Bank were utilized from 2007 to 2015; 24\u2009855 AA or White males with high-grade splenic injuries were included. Multilevel mixed-effects regression analysis was used to evaluate disparities in outcomes and resource allocation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality was significantly higher for AA males at mixed-race (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-2.1; P &lt; .001) and minority (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.5-3.0; P &lt; .001) hospitals, but not at majority hospitals. At minority hospitals, AA males were significantly less likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit (OR 0.7; 95% CI, 0.49-0.97; P = .04) and experienced a significantly longer time to surgery (IRR 1.5; P = .02). Minority hospitals were significantly more likely to have failures from angiographic embolization requiring operative intervention (OR 2.2, P = .009). At both types of nonmajority hospitals, AA males with penetrating injuries were more likely to be managed with angiography (mixed-race hospitals: OR 1.7; P = .046 vs minority hospitals: OR 1.6; P = .08).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While multiple studies have shown that minority hospitals have increased mortality compared to majority hospitals, this study found this disparity only existed for AAs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134820947369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T14:40:20Z","timestamp":1600180820000},"page":"287-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Racial Disparities at Mixed-Race and Minority Hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Tignanelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradly","family":"Watarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunhua","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hemmila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Jarosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0003134820947369","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Gender, Race, Class & Health: Intersectional Approaches","author":"Braboy Jackson P.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr2-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3149\/jmh.0101.1"},{"key":"bibr3-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000080"},{"key":"bibr4-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199609123351106"},{"key":"bibr5-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.5.724"},{"key":"bibr6-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988313480227"},{"key":"bibr7-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jomh.2009.12.002"},{"key":"bibr8-0003134820947369","volume-title":"Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","author":"Smedley BD.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr9-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2011.254"},{"key":"bibr10-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2010.05.010"},{"key":"bibr11-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.143.10.945"},{"key":"bibr12-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.013"},{"key":"bibr13-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181e623bf"},{"key":"bibr14-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001743"},{"key":"bibr15-0003134820947369","unstructured":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. WISQARS Injury Mortality Reports, 1999\u20132004. December 12, 2019. http:\/\/webappa.cdc.gov\/sasweb\/ncipc\/mortrate10_sy.html"},{"key":"bibr16-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001745"},{"key":"bibr17-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198801073180127"},{"key":"bibr18-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-23-1-75"},{"key":"bibr19-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002248"},{"key":"bibr20-0003134820947369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.1365"}],"container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0003134820947369","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0003134820947369","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0003134820947369","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:33:57Z","timestamp":1777379637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0003134820947369"}},"subtitle":["Treatment of African American Males With High-Grade Splenic Injuries"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0003134820947369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0003134820947369","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-9823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]}}}