{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:33:01Z","timestamp":1777447981078,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gerald R. Ford was the 38\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    president of the United States. He was appointed as vice president by Richard Nixon in 1974 upon the resignation of Spiro T. Agnew. In the midst of the Watergate Crisis, Nixon resigned making Ford the only president to serve without being elected as either president or vice president. In the year 2000, 13\u00a0years after his abbreviated term in office, he was attending the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia where he developed pain in his tongue, slurring of his speech, and signs of a stroke. He was taken to the emergency room of Hahnemann University Hospital where a CT scan showed a posterior circulation stroke. Within 24\u00a0hours, all of Ford\u2019s symptoms improved except for his tongue pain and speech. An MRI of the head and neck showed a tongue mass and he was taken to the operating room where an abscess was found. The bacteriology confirmed actinomycosis of the tongue and Ford rapidly improved after the incision and drainage. This paper will review the clinical course of Gerald Ford\u2019s lingual actinomycosis and will discuss this rare condition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348221084953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T06:38:12Z","timestamp":1653633492000},"page":"5057-5061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cThe President\u2019s Syndrome\u201d: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Gerald Ford\u2019s Lingual Actinomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5664-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences (Lee) and Surgery (Pappas), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore N.","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences (Lee) and Surgery (Pappas), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Ford Rode to College on Football","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr2-00031348221084953","volume-title":"President Gerald R. Ford, Who Led U.S. Out of Watergate Era, Dies at 93","author":"Naughton J","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr3-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Gerald Ford Chosen to Succeed Agnew","author":"Jenkins P","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr4-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Nixon Resigns: Richard Nixon Resign as 37th President of the United States","author":"Kilpatrick C","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr5-00031348221084953","unstructured":"Nelson J. Carter Elected President, Calls Ford 'Decent Man': Carter Wins Presidency from Ford in Close Election Race. El Segundo, CA: Los Angeles Times; 1976:2-a9."},{"key":"bibr6-00031348221084953","volume-title":"A Stroke Couldn't Stop Gerald Ford","author":"Harris RL","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr7-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Gerald Ford Gets Artificial Knee Joint","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr8-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Ford Undergoes Knee Surgery","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr9-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Hospitalized after Suffering a Stroke, Former President Ford Is Expected to Recover Fully: Word about an Illness Brings a Somber Note to an Upbeat Convention","author":"Ayres BD","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr10-00031348221084953","unstructured":"Interview with the Hahnemann Hospital doctors concerning the care of Gerald Ford. C-Span video library. 2000. Accessed August 27, 2020. https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?158617-1\/condition-president-ford"},{"key":"bibr11-00031348221084953","unstructured":"Tongue surgery for former US president Ford. The Independent Online Newsletter. 2000. Accessed August 20, 2000. https:\/\/www.iol.co.za\/travel\/world\/tongue-surgery-for-former-us-president-ford-46217"},{"key":"bibr12-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Ford Is Said to Be Better; Bush Allowed in for Visit","author":"Ayres BD","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr13-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Minor Surgery for Ford","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr14-00031348221084953","unstructured":"Interview with the Hahnemann Hospital doctors concerning the care of Gerald Ford. C-Span video library. 2000."},{"key":"bibr15-00031348221084953","unstructured":"Pearson R. Chicago, IL: Chicago Tribute; 2000. https:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/news\/ct-xpm-2000-08-04-0008040188-story.html. Accessed August 24, 2020. Ford is improving quickly, could be released over weekend, doctors say"},{"key":"bibr16-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Doctors Investigate Ford's Swollen Tongue","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr17-00031348221084953","unstructured":"Transcript of Press conference on Former President Gerald Ford\u2019s Health. 2000. http:\/\/transcripts.cnn.com\/TRANSCRIPTS\/0008\/05\/se.04.html. Accessed August 20, 2020"},{"key":"bibr18-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Ford Has Surgery on His Tongue","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr19-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Ford Has Surgery to Relieve Swelling from Abscess in Tongue","author":"Clines FX","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr20-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Gerald Ford Released from Hospital","author":"Loviglio J","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr21-00031348221084953","volume-title":"Ford Returns to California after Week-Long Hospital Stay","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr22-00031348221084953","unstructured":"Solomon J. Gerald Ford recovering from stroke. Associated Press News website. 2000. https:\/\/apnews.com\/1480b4806b5a66fe7534f8f5eeb84461. Accessed August 22, 2020"},{"key":"bibr23-00031348221084953","unstructured":"Smith IK. Different Strokes: The misdiagnosis of a former President's illness shows the importance of recognizing symptoms. 2000. CNNcom Allpolitics. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/ALLPOLITICS\/time\/2000\/08\/07\/different.html. Accessed August 24, 2020"},{"key":"bibr24-00031348221084953","unstructured":"Mishra R. Ford improves as debate turns to initial diagnosis. Sun Sentinel Online News. 2000. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=6686183. Accessed August 22, 2020"},{"key":"bibr25-00031348221084953","unstructured":"Ford to be released from the hospital. CBS News Website. 2000. 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