{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:24:38Z","timestamp":1792466678959,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies have demonstrated that trauma patients with early-ventilator associated pneumonia (early-VAP, &lt; 7\u00a0days) have decreased risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. We hypothesize that routinely using broad-spectrum antibiotics is unnecessary to treat trauma patients with the diagnosis of early-VAP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included adult trauma patients with the diagnosis of VAP. The primary outcome was the presence of MRSA and\/or P. aeruginosa in patients with early- and late-VAP. Secondary outcomes included the bacterial susceptibility of pathogens to methicillin, ampicillin\/sulbactam, ceftriaxone, piperacillin\/tazobactam, and cefepime. Intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay (LOS), ventilator-free days, and in-hospital mortality were also collected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>164 patients met inclusion criteria, and 208 organisms (n = 90 early vs n = 118 late) were identified by respiratory culture. The incidence of MRSA and P. aeruginosa in early-VAP was 7.7% (7\/90) and 5.6% (5\/90), respectively. The susceptibility of bacteria causing early-VAP to ampicillin\/sulbactam and ceftriaxone was 73.3% (66\/90) and 83.3% (75\/90), respectively. Ventilator-free days at 30\u00a0days was similar between groups ( P = .649). Patients with late-VAP spent more time in the ICU ( P = .040); however, in-hospital mortality was higher in the early-VAP group ( P = .012).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ampicillin\/sulbactam or ceftriaxone monotherapy did not provide reliable broad-spectrum coverage for early-VAP in our cohort. These findings highlight the importance of each institution performing a similar analysis to ensure adequate initial treatment of VAP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348221121539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T05:07:18Z","timestamp":1660799238000},"page":"4536-4541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Defining Pathogen and Susceptibility Patterns for Early Versus Late Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Trauma Patients to Guide Empiric Treatment Decisions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Kaitlin M.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Noelle","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Caleb","family":"Butts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah K.","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, USA Health University Hospital, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann-leei L.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Kinnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan M.","family":"Polite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryann I.","family":"Mbaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley Y.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Barrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Univeristy of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon P.","family":"Audia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Univeristy of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"},{"name":"Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon D.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-644ST"},{"key":"bibr2-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181f9fb51"},{"key":"bibr3-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.6.2115"},{"key":"bibr4-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000206471.44161.A0"},{"key":"bibr5-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2703-z"},{"key":"bibr6-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05980-0"},{"key":"bibr7-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31811ec18e"},{"key":"bibr8-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2010.052"},{"key":"bibr9-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2005.6.203"},{"key":"bibr10-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/510393"},{"key":"bibr11-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353"},{"key":"bibr12-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0899823x00193894"},{"key":"bibr13-00031348221121539","unstructured":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-second informational supplement (M100-S22). Vol. 32 No. 3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2012."},{"key":"bibr14-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"bibr15-00031348221121539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.06.064"},{"key":"bibr16-00031348221121539","unstructured":"The Alabama Hospital Association and , BD MedMined. Statewide Antibiograms. https:\/\/www.alabamapublichealth.gov\/hai\/assets\/2018antibiogram.pdf. Accessed July, 1 2022."}],"container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348221121539","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00031348221121539","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348221121539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:37:47Z","timestamp":1777379867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00031348221121539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00031348221121539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00031348221121539","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-9823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}