{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:42:39Z","timestamp":1777448559227,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Surgery relies on the scalpel; the surgeon\u2019s first instrument in every case. From early knives crafted in the pre-historic era to today, the scalpel has evolved along with medical and surgical fields but maintained its critical role and symbolism of operative intervention. A significant catalyst for change in surgical instrument development in the late 1800s was the evolution of anesthesia and antisepsis. Surgical instruments were affected by harsh sterilization techniques, creating need for a method to maintain surgical scalpel sharpness. Mathilde Schott, an early female biomedical engineering innovator, filed a patent (US431153) in 1890 for a detachable scalpel blade. Schott identified and responded to the needs of surgeons at the turn of the 20th century and created a detachable blade and stabilizing lever. Schott persevered in a society unaccustomed to women leaders, subsequently improving medicine, surgery, and engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348221142574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T06:20:29Z","timestamp":1669357229000},"page":"5044-5046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mathilde Schott, A Woman\u2019s Influence in the Revolution of the Scalpel in the 1890s"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Nora C.","family":"Elson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, TriHealth, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Yoder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, TriHealth, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie D.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, TriHealth, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Meister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, TriHealth, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Wexelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, TriHealth, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00031348221142574","volume-title":"Surgical Knife","author":"Schott M","year":"1890"},{"key":"bibr2-00031348221142574","volume-title":"Die and Dice-Box","author":"Schott M","year":"1890"},{"key":"bibr3-00031348221142574","volume-title":"Bottle Stopper","author":"Schott M","year":"1895"},{"key":"bibr4-00031348221142574","volume-title":"Cigar Cutting Attachment for Lead Pencils","author":"Schott M","year":"1896"},{"key":"bibr5-00031348221142574","volume-title":"American Surgical Instruments: The History of Their Manufacture and a Directory of Instrument Makers to 1900","author":"Edmonson JM","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr6-00031348221142574","volume-title":"Razor","author":"Gillette KC","year":"1904"},{"key":"bibr7-00031348221142574","volume-title":"Morgan Parker, Invented Disposable Medial Scalpel","author":"The New York Times Archives"},{"key":"bibr8-00031348221142574","volume-title":"Handle for Surgical Blades, and the like","author":"Raybin B","year":"1963"},{"key":"bibr9-00031348221142574","volume-title":"Guarded Surgical Scalpel with Scalpel Blade Remover","author":"Jolly N","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr10-00031348221142574","volume-title":"Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology","author":"Stanley A","year":"1993"}],"container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348221142574","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00031348221142574","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348221142574","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:38:14Z","timestamp":1777379894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00031348221142574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00031348221142574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00031348221142574","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-9823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]}}}