{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:32:54Z","timestamp":1777447974535,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thoracic surgery training among general surgery residents in the United States is regulated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to ensure exposure to subspecialty fields during residency. Thoracic surgery training has changed over time with the placement of work hour restrictions, the emphasis on minimally invasive surgery, and increased subspecialization of training like integrated six-year cardiothoracic surgery programs. We aim to investigate how these changes over the past twenty years have affected thoracic surgery training among general surgery residents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACGME general surgery resident case logs from 1999 to 2019 were reviewed. Data included exposure to the thorax via thoracic, cardiac, vascular, pediatric, trauma, and alimentary tract procedures. Cases from the above categories were consolidated to determine the comprehensive experience. Descriptive statistics were performed over four 5-year Eras (Era 1:1999-2004, Era 2: 2004-2009, Era 3: 2009-2014, Era 4: 2014-2019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between Era 1 and Era 4, there was an increase in thoracic surgery experience (37.6 \u00b1 1.03 vs 39.3 \u00b1 .64; P = .006). The mean total thoracic experience for thoracoscopic, open, and cardiac procedures was 12.89 \u00b1 3.76, 20.09 \u00b1 2.33, and 4.98 \u00b1 1.28, respectively. There was a difference between Era 1 and Era 4 in thoracoscopic (8.78 \u00b1 .961 vs 17.18 \u00b1 .75; P &lt; .001) and open thoracic experience (22 \u00b1 .97 vs 17.06 \u00b1 .88; P &lt; .001), and a decrease in thoracic trauma procedures (3.7 \u00b1 .06 vs 3.2 \u00b1 .32; P = .03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over twenty years there has been a similar, to slight increase in thoracic surgery exposure among general surgery residents. The changes seen in thoracic surgery training reflect the overall movement of surgery towards minimally invasive surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348231157417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T21:03:43Z","timestamp":1676581423000},"page":"5512-5519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in Comprehensive Thoracic Case Experience Among General Surgery Residents in the Modern Integrated Cardiothoracic Residency Era: Review of Twenty Years of Resident Case Logs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3785-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Blitzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0723-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Benintende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kurlansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Antkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Fischkoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Argenziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroo","family":"Takayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00031348231157417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1072-7515(02)01242-5"},{"key":"bibr2-00031348231157417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198803243181209"},{"key":"bibr3-00031348231157417","volume-title":"The ACGME\u2019s Approach to Limit Resident Duty Hours 12 Months After Implementation: A Summary of Achievements","author":"Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical 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