{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:34:00Z","timestamp":1790825640554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683331200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12HD101373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12HD101373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Historically, surgical instruments were designed by men for male surgeons. Although instrumentation has changed with the changing paradigms of surgery, it has failed to adapt to the changing surgical workforce. Almost 30% of surgeons are female and nearly 90% of surveyed female surgeons report poor instrument design and associated musculoskeletal injuries from use. Understanding the current state of handheld surgical instrument design, published literature was reviewed, surgical instrument collections were contacted, and the U.S. Patent and Trademark databases were queried to identify public patents and pre-granted applications of female inventors of handheld surgical instruments. Twenty-five female inventors were identified from published literature and 1551 unique females hold patents. This number pales when the denominator of male inventors is considered. Hence, to address the female surgeon\u2019s lack of instrumentation and design, there is a critical need for participatory ergonomics whereby both the female surgeon and engineer collaborate on design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348231172164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T09:46:59Z","timestamp":1683366419000},"page":"4835-4841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Surgical Instrument Designers and Inventors\u2014Where are the Women?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5812-3906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather M.","family":"Weinreich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lake","family":"Crowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Skovlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quintin L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Buhimschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00031348231172164","volume-title":"American Surgical Instruments: An Illustrated History of Their Manufacture and a Directory of Instrument Makers to 1900","author":"Edmonson JM","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr2-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892418822879"},{"key":"bibr3-00031348231172164","first-page":"211","volume":"37","author":"Buraimoh MA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"key":"bibr4-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.5.SPINE17981"},{"key":"bibr5-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215114003016"},{"key":"bibr6-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.05.007"},{"key":"bibr7-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-8824-3"},{"key":"bibr8-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-9986-9"},{"key":"bibr9-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0069-x"},{"key":"bibr10-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.14952"},{"key":"bibr11-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2022.05.011"},{"key":"bibr12-00031348231172164","volume-title":"USPTO Patents View [data Set]","author":"United States Patent and Trademark Office","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr13-00031348231172164","volume-title":"Online Appendix to \u201cProgress and Potential: A Profile of Women Inventors on U.S. Patents\u201d","author":"Toole AA","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr14-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2015.05.005"},{"key":"bibr15-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200110000-00016"},{"key":"bibr16-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199905000-00001"},{"key":"bibr17-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0102-7"},{"key":"bibr18-00031348231172164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Council of the Chicago Medical Society. 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