{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:22:31Z","timestamp":1778948551392,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Opium Wars of 1839-1843 and 1856-1860 revealed the devastating effects of narcotic addiction on the health of the body politic of China. The defeated Qing dynasty lost effective sovereignty to the British, leaving it helpless against more than 100 years of exploitation by the European powers, the United States, and Japan. Today we see the same risk posed by prescription narcotics and illegal opioids imported from China that can be seen as retribution for the \u201cCentury of Humiliation\u201d nearly two centuries ago.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348231192048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T11:37:52Z","timestamp":1690285072000},"page":"327-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Opium Wars of China in the Nineteenth Century and America in the Twenty-First"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Don K.","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Dean, Columbus Campus, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00031348231192048","volume-title":"China. 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Available at: https:\/\/www.uscc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/3.10.11Kaufman.pdf Accessed May 31, 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr6-00031348231192048","first-page":"43","volume":"34","author":"Gardner EA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"key":"bibr7-00031348231192048","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. Trends and statistics. Drug overdose death rates. February 9, 2023. Available at: https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/trends-statistics\/overdose-death-rates Accessed June 2, 2023."},{"key":"bibr8-00031348231192048","unstructured":"Felbab-Brown V. China\u2019s role in the fentanyl crisis. The Brookings Institution.March 31, 2023. Available at: https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/testimonies\/chinas-role-in-the-fentanyl-crisis\/ Accessed June 3, 2023."},{"key":"bibr9-00031348231192048","unstructured":"National Safety Council. Injury facts. Deaths by demographics. Available at: https:\/\/injuryfacts.nsc.org\/all-injuries\/deaths-by-demographics\/top-10-preventable-injuries\/data-details\/ Accessed June 2, 2023."},{"key":"bibr10-00031348231192048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.131714"},{"key":"bibr11-00031348231192048","unstructured":"DEA Washington, DC Division \u2013 Public Information Office. New, dangerous synthetic opioid in DC, emerging in Tri State area. June 1, 2022. 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