{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:41:22Z","timestamp":1780051282792,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rates of firearm violence (FV) surged during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is a paucity of data regarding older adults (OAs) (\u226565\u00a0years old). This study aimed to evaluate patterns of FV against OAs before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, hypothesizing decreased firearm incidents, injuries, and deaths for OAs due to restricted social movement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective (2016-2021) data for OAs were obtained from the Gun Violence Archive. The rate of FV was weighted per 10,000 OAs using annual population data from the United States Census Bureau. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to compare annual firearm incidence rates, number of OAs killed, and number of OAs injured from 2016-2020 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 944 OA-involved shootings, 842 died in 2021. The median total firearm incidents per month per 10,000 OAs decreased in 2021 vs 2016 (.65 vs .38, P &lt; .001), 2017 (.63 vs .38, P &lt; .001), 2018 (.61 vs .38, P &lt; .001), 2019 (.39 vs .38, P = .003), and 2020 (.43 vs .38, P = .012). However, there was an increased median number of OAs killed in 2021 vs 2020 (.38 vs .38, P = .009), but no difference from 2016-2019 vs 2021 (all P &gt; .05). The median number of firearm injuries decreased from 2017 to 2021 (.21 vs .19, P = .001) and 2020 to 2021 (.19 vs .19 P &lt; .001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Firearm incidents involving OAs decreased in 2021 compared to pre-pandemic years; however, there was a slight increase in deaths compared to 2020. This may reflect increased social isolation; however, future research is needed to understand why this occurred.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348231200672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T12:19:43Z","timestamp":1693916383000},"page":"345-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Firearm Violence Involving Adults 65 and Older During the Novel Coronavirus Disease Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5764-8276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burns, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Shipley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burns, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burns, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan R.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burns, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen P.","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burns, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristobal","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burns, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areg","family":"Grigorian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burns, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffry","family":"Nahmias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Burns, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00031348231200672","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09826-8"},{"key":"bibr2-00031348231200672","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-021-00964-7"},{"key":"bibr3-00031348231200672","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134820954827"},{"key":"bibr4-00031348231200672","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.01.018"},{"key":"bibr5-00031348231200672","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003068"},{"key":"bibr6-00031348231200672","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003347"},{"key":"bibr7-00031348231200672","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-021-05050-6"},{"key":"bibr8-00031348231200672","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348221101475"},{"key":"bibr9-00031348231200672","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348221124329"},{"key":"bibr10-00031348231200672","volume-title":"Giffords 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