{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:47:14Z","timestamp":1777448834296,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>When 13-year-old Teruichi Nakayama, my grandfather, came to San Francisco from Osaka in 1906, he was assured of an education in a public school by an 1894 treaty between the United States and Japan that gave the latter most-favored-nation status. In 1906, racist mobs forced a decision by the school board to assign 41 school aged Japanese children, including him, to a segregated school for Asian children in violation of the pact. In 1907, he escaped street violence to work as a migrant laborer on inland farms. Settling in the state\u2019s Central Coast, he started a confectionary, the family business he knew from his childhood in Japan. He eked enough money to raise a family with a wife arranged for him in the traditional manner by a go-between in Japan. The school board action opened a diplomatic rift between the 2 countries that never resolved and ended in war in 1941. Just days ahead of the imprisonment of Japanese living in California in 1942, he and his family fled to Colorado, a sanctuary state where he reestablished the confectionery. He faced every misapprehension of the current immigration crisis: racism, unfair labor competition, the impossibility of assimilation, and suspicion of a fifth column. Now 5 generations later, none of the fearful predictions when he first arrived came true. His legacy proves immigration as an essential rejuvenating force in America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348241234314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T09:29:12Z","timestamp":1708334952000},"page":"1822-1826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Japanese Immigration in America: Fleeing Riots, Escaping Imprisonment, and Assimilating"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Don K.","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00031348241234314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000271620903400219"},{"key":"bibr2-00031348241234314","volume-title":"Strangers from a different shore: a history of Asian Americans","author":"Takaki RT","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr3-00031348241234314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000271620903400214"},{"key":"bibr4-00031348241234314","volume-title":"Japanese American history: an A-to-Z reference from 1868 to the present","author":"Niiya B","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr5-00031348241234314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5149\/northcarolina\/9781469629438.003.0005"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr6-00031348241234314","first-page":"25","volume":"36","author":"Iwata M","year":"1962","journal-title":"Agric Hist"},{"key":"bibr7-00031348241234314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000271620903400204"},{"key":"bibr8-00031348241234314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25157338"},{"key":"bibr9-00031348241234314","first-page":"1310","volume":"11","author":"Thomson WH","year":"1906","journal-title":"World Today"},{"key":"bibr10-00031348241234314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2200073"},{"key":"bibr11-00031348241234314","volume-title":"A modern history of Japan","author":"Gordon A","year":"2014","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr12-00031348241234314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2186730"},{"key":"bibr13-00031348241234314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2186163"},{"key":"bibr14-00031348241234314","unstructured":"Imai S. 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