{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:53:43Z","timestamp":1777449223697,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Before the 20th century, peripheral artery disease (PAD) manifested as extreme pain, chronic wounds, and, eventually, gangrene requiring amputation. Despite this, it was rarely diagnosed. However, at the turn of the century, Western medicine shifted focus from infectious to chronic illnesses, and with this change, physicians\u2019 engagement with PAD transformed. Aiming to mitigate long-term injury, physicians now worked to identify and treat vessel disease to restore meaningful blood circulation. This article explores the development and deployment of a new device resulting from this refocus, the PAssive VAscular EXerciser (PAVAEX) Boot, and its role as a creative response to a previously intractable clinical problem. The PAVAEX Boot, designed in 1933 by vascular surgeons Louis G. Herrmann and Mont R. Reid, was one of the few interventions for PAD at the time. Based on the observation that continuous negative pressure results in vasoconstriction, while short bursts transiently increase blood flow, the PAVAEX Boot utilized intermittent negative pressure to enhance peripheral vascular perfusion. Well-marketed and praised throughout the 1930s, it vanished from public writing and academic literature just 20\u00a0years later. However, negative pressure wound therapy resurged in the late 20th century, and though its inventors failed to recognize the precedent of the PAVAEX Boot, many of these devices and therapies are rooted in identical theories. We examine why the PAVAEX Boot faded from use and argue that the device remains a crucial advancement in negative pressure therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348241259041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T17:21:00Z","timestamp":1717435260000},"page":"3164-3169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Medicine\u2019s Glass Slipper: The PAVAEX Boot and 20th Century Negative Pressure Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1742-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria L.","family":"Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6886-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd M.","family":"Olszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0143-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00031348241259041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193410000-00016"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr2-00031348241259041","first-page":"766","volume":"36","author":"Valentine MR","year":"1936","journal-title":"Am J of Nurs"},{"key":"bibr3-00031348241259041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1934.01180050002001"},{"key":"bibr4-00031348241259041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193509000-00001"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr5-00031348241259041","first-page":"801","volume":"82","author":"Thompson JE","year":"1977","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"bibr6-00031348241259041","unstructured":"Herrmann LG. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. 5th Edition. Jonesboro, Arkansas: J.T. White; 1969:706-707."},{"key":"bibr7-00031348241259041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199001000-00016"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr8-00031348241259041","first-page":"931","volume":"92","author":"Allen AW","year":"1930","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"bibr9-00031348241259041","unstructured":"Blume D. Peripheral vascular disease: with particular stress on the early diagnosis and conservative non-operative treatment. MD Thesis. 1938. https:\/\/digitalcommons.unmc.edu\/mdtheses\/649"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr10-00031348241259041","volume":"34","author":"White GD","year":"1920","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"bibr11-00031348241259041","author":"Herrmann LG","year":"1936","journal-title":"United States Patent and Trademark Office"},{"key":"bibr12-00031348241259041","unstructured":"PAVAEX: Passive Vascular Exerciser (Booklet C). Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Scientific Company; 1936:1-15."},{"key":"bibr13-00031348241259041","volume":"23","author":"Macaulay PS","year":"1935","journal-title":"The Sun"},{"issue":"154","key":"bibr14-00031348241259041","first-page":"21","author":"Wedlick LT","year":"1949","journal-title":"Speculum"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr15-00031348241259041","first-page":"6","volume":"37","year":"1935","journal-title":"The Detroit Jewish Chronicle and The Legal Chronicle"},{"key":"bibr16-00031348241259041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1937.00170200147012"},{"key":"bibr17-00031348241259041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1937.02780230011004"},{"key":"bibr18-00031348241259041","unstructured":"Horton BT. Sub-subseries SSS04. Vascular laboratory [Horton's Lab]. 1936-1954. In: Ziemer R, Frye WB, eds. Fye Center for the History of Medicine: Archival Collections. Rochester: Mayo Clinic. MN1936-1954."},{"issue":"150","key":"bibr19-00031348241259041","first-page":"19","author":"Maxwell M.","year":"1946","journal-title":"Speculum"},{"key":"bibr20-00031348241259041","first-page":"44","volume-title":"The ESC Quarterly: Medical Professions Edition","volume":"23","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr21-00031348241259041","volume-title":"American Medical Equipment","author":"Circulator Boot\u2122 - Product Overview","year":"2023"},{"key":"bibr22-00031348241259041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199706000-00001"},{"key":"bibr23-00031348241259041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12998"},{"key":"bibr24-00031348241259041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12911"},{"key":"bibr25-00031348241259041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2020.10.024"}],"container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348241259041","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00031348241259041","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348241259041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:40:28Z","timestamp":1777380028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00031348241259041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00031348241259041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00031348241259041","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-9823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]}}}