{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:37:15Z","timestamp":1777448235869,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Justice-involved individuals, encompassing those with prior interactions with the correctional system, represent a population with significant unmet healthcare needs. Approximately 95% of incarcerated individuals return to society, often with unresolved chronic conditions or infectious diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis C, and face considerable barriers to accessing healthcare. Institutional constraints, logistical complications, inadequate resources, and cultural biases exacerbate disparities, contributing to suboptimal health outcomes and public health risks. Healthcare access for justice-involved individuals is hindered by multiple factors, including limited availability of medications like opioid use disorder treatments, restricted surgical and preventive care, and systemic challenges in initiating healthcare. The suspension of Medicaid during incarceration, compounded by high uninsurance rates post-release, further exacerbates these inequities. Despite legislative efforts such as the Affordable Care Act and state-level policies addressing restraint use, healthcare services for this population remain inadequate and inconsistent. Recommendations include leveraging correctional facilities to enhance healthcare delivery, incorporating justice-involved populations in hospital design and planning, and fostering collaborations between correctional facilities and healthcare organizations. Training healthcare professionals in correctional medicine and tailoring care programs to justice-involved patients\u2019 needs are critical. Research should focus on improving care models, expanding insurance enrollment initiatives, and addressing long-term health outcomes for this vulnerable group. Efforts to integrate justice-involved individuals into broader healthcare frameworks can reduce health disparities, improve public health, and promote equitable access to care. Addressing these systemic issues requires collaborative approaches across healthcare, correctional, and policy sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251318382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T19:50:22Z","timestamp":1745265022000},"page":"928-932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Access to Surgery and Health Care for Justice-Involved Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2253-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Morehouse School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morehouse School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2783-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Miller-Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morehouse School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6196-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morehouse School of Medicine"},{"name":"Meharry Medical College and the Meharry School of Global Health, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Smith B. \u201cThe employment of justice-involved persons.\u201d NC State University August 12 2022. https:\/\/iei.ncsu.edu\/2023\/05\/22\/the-employment-of-justice-involved-persons\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.1133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Sawyer W Wagner P. \u201cMass incarceration: The whole pie 2024.\u201d Prison Policy Initiative March 14 2024. https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/pie2024.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"\u201cState prisons and the delivery of hospital care.\u201d Pew July 19 2018. https:\/\/pew.org\/2L5PCHm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.3881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057241228748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"2021 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report [Internet]","year":"2021","unstructured":"Access to healthcare and disparities in access. 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