{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T20:15:14Z","timestamp":1785269714887,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electric scooters have rapidly gained popularity as a sustainable mode of transportation, but this rise has coincided with an increase in scooter-related injuries (SRI) and associated health care costs. Despite growing evidence of adverse outcomes, the role of substance use (SU) in SRI remains underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective cohort study utilizing the 2016-2021 National Inpatient Sample. Patients aged 18-64 for SRI were identified and stratified by age groups: 18-25, 26-40, and 41-64 years. SU consisted of alcohol, opioid, marijuana and cocaine use. The primary outcome of the study was temporal trends in SU among patients hospitalized with SRI. In-hospital mortality, traumatic brain injury (TBI), length of stay (LOS), hospitalization costs and non-home discharge rates were secondarily assessed. Multivariable regression models were developed to evaluate the association between SU and outcomes of interest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 7350 patients admitted for SRI, 24.8% had SU. SRI hospitalizations increased from 330 cases in 2016 to 2705 in 2021 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). SU patients had higher odds of TBI (AOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.26-2.91) and perioperative complications (AOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.07-3.67) but similar mortality rates and LOS compared to non-SU patients. SU was associated with increased hospitalization costs by $4600 (95% CI $300-$8800).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings showed a rising prevalence of SU among SRI patients as well as an increased risk of TBI and resource utilization. Public health strategies, including helmet mandates, substance use prevention, and infrastructure improvements, are critical to mitigating these risks and alleviating the burden on the trauma care system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251337140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T07:27:34Z","timestamp":1745047654000},"page":"1331-1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["National Prevalence and Associated Outcomes of Substance Use in Scooter-Related Trauma"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Benharash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Surgical &amp; Interventional Technology (CASIT), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4590-4268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam Yong","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Surgical &amp; Interventional Technology (CASIT), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Coaston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Surgical &amp; Interventional Technology (CASIT), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Sakowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Surgical &amp; Interventional Technology (CASIT), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Mallick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Surgical &amp; Interventional Technology (CASIT), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giselle","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Surgical &amp; Interventional Technology (CASIT), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areti","family":"Tillou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Surgical &amp; Interventional Technology (CASIT), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2019-000337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XCS.0000000000000918"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2024-045461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14604086211044353"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","article-title":"Injury patterns of electric-scooter related trauma: a systematic review with proportion meta-analysis - andrea spota","author":"Granieri Stefano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Granieri Stefano, Ferrario Luca, Zamburlini Beatrice, et al. Injury patterns of electric-scooter related trauma: a systematic review with proportion meta-analysis - andrea spota. Stefania Cimbanassi. 2024. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00031348241241682","journal-title":"Stefania Cimbanassi"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"HCUP-US NIS overview. https:\/\/hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/nisoverview.jsp"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31816ffb3f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Elixhauser comorbidity software refined for ICD-10-CM. https:\/\/hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/comorbidityicd10\/comorbidity_icd10.jsp"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2021.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.5423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"NCDAS: substance abuse and addiction statistics 2023. https:\/\/drugabusestatistics.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102680"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2011.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"Apollo Scooters","author":"Electric Scooter Laws","year":"2024","unstructured":"Electric Scooter Laws. What you need to know about regulations by state. In: Apollo Scooters; 2024. https:\/\/apolloscooters.co\/blogs\/news\/electric-scooter-laws-2024-what-you-need-to-know-about-regulations-by-state"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Front steering design guidelines formulation for e-scooters considering the influence of sitting and standing riders on self-stability and safety performance - milan Paudel. Fook Fah Yap. 2021. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0954407021992176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2020.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3488"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.02.003"}],"container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348251337140","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00031348251337140","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348251337140","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:37:38Z","timestamp":1777379858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00031348251337140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00031348251337140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00031348251337140","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-9823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]}}}