{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:38:59Z","timestamp":1777448339076,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n ChatGPT, the most widely recognized AI chatbot, has been increasingly utilized by patients for health care education, but its performance and knowledge base have not been evaluated for colorectal surgery topics. We hypothesize ChatGPT can provide accurate patient-level information for benign anorectal diseases.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We performed a single-institution prospective study evaluating OpenAI\u2019s GPT-4 chatbot against verified online medical literature using the modified EQIP (mEQIP) for hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and pruritus ani. Scoring was performed by three independent educated reviewers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n ChatGPT had a median overall score of 22\/36 (61%) across all topics. It performed similarly for all topics: 24 for hemorrhoids, 22 for fissures, and 20 for pruritus (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.15). ChatGPT was strongest within the mEQIP Content domain for all topics (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001). It performed weakest within the mEQIP Identification domain. It primarily lost points for recommending non-evidence-based treatments, lack of citations and visual aids, and generating broken source links.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n ChatGPT can provide accurate, reliable information at patient understanding level and is comparable to other validated online information for benign anorectal pathologies. It could improve on mEQIP performance by improving source documentation and visual aid capability, but it remains a promising patient resource with an intuitive user interface.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251337156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T16:08:17Z","timestamp":1746547697000},"page":"1629-1634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial Intelligence Performs Well for Patient-Level Education of Benign Anorectal Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8527-7225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makenna","family":"Marty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Affiliate of Cedars-Sinai, Huntington Health, Pasadena, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seija","family":"Maniskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Affiliate of Cedars-Sinai, Huntington Health, Pasadena, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Affiliate of Cedars-Sinai, Huntington Health, Pasadena, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Akopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Affiliate of Cedars-Sinai, Huntington Health, Pasadena, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Affiliate of Cedars-Sinai, Huntington Health, Pasadena, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","article-title":"OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT chatbot tops the list but these are the 9 other most popular AI tools just now","author":"Carbonaro G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carbonaro G. OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT chatbot tops the list but these are the 9 other most popular AI tools just now. Euronews. 2024. https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/next\/2024\/02\/02\/these-are-the-10-most-widely-used-ai-tools-and-the-people-who-using-them-the-most","journal-title":"Euronews"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","article-title":"How ChatGPT and our foundation models are developed","author":"OpenAI","year":"2024","unstructured":"OpenAI. How ChatGPT and our foundation models are developed. openai.com. 2024. https:\/\/help.openai.com\/en\/articles\/7842364-how-chatgpt-and-our-foundation-models-are-developed?utm_source=chatgpt.com","journal-title":"openai.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","volume-title":"60% of Americans would be uncomfortable with provider relying on AI in their own health care","author":"Tyson A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tyson A, Pasquini G, Spencer A, Funk C. 60% of Americans would be uncomfortable with provider relying on AI in their own health care. Pew Research Center; 2024. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/science\/2023\/02\/22\/60-of-americans-would-be-uncomfortable-with-provider-relying-on-ai-in-their-own-health-care\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.16212"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-7625.2004.00273.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22618"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2024.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2020.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2019.03.355"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08423-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"Diseases and Conditions. Ascrs. https:\/\/fascrs.org\/patients\/diseases-and-conditions"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04698-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","article-title":"NHS Babylon app is being trialled in London","author":"Burgess M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burgess M. NHS Babylon app is being trialled in London. WIRED. 2017. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/babylon-nhs-chatbot-app\/","journal-title":"WIRED"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","article-title":"Overview of updates to ChatGPT since its public release","author":"OpenAI","year":"2025","unstructured":"OpenAI. Overview of updates to ChatGPT since its public release. ChatGPT. 2025.","journal-title":"ChatGPT"}],"container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348251337156","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00031348251337156","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348251337156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:37:40Z","timestamp":1777379860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00031348251337156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00031348251337156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00031348251337156","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-9823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]}}}