{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:41:37Z","timestamp":1790188897685,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nemours Summer Undergraduate Research Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children in the United States (US), with severity and outcomes linked to social determinants of health (SDOH) and regional differences. Data on the impact of SDOH including race, sex, and Child Opportunity Index (COI) level on TBI severity in southeastern US are sparse in children.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We analyzed data retrospectively in 1063 children with TBI, admitted at a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center in the Southeast US between January 2017-June 2023. TBI severity was categorized using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Outcomes were length of hospital stay (LOHS), intensive care unit stay (LOICUS), and craniotomy frequency. Patients were classified by race (\n white<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Black<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n non-Black people of color<\/jats:italic>\n [\n NBPOC<\/jats:italic>\n ]), COI (low, moderate, high), and sex (male, female). Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post-hoc comparisons.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Significant disparities were observed by race and COI.\n Black<\/jats:italic>\n children and children with low COI had lower GCS scores (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01), longer LOHS and LOICUS (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01) compared to\n white<\/jats:italic>\n children and those with high COI. Additionally,\n Black<\/jats:italic>\n and\n NBPOC<\/jats:italic>\n children were more likely to undergo craniotomies than\n white<\/jats:italic>\n children (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). No sex-based differences in TBI severity or outcomes were found.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n This study highlights the significant impact of SDOH, particularly race and COI, on pediatric TBI severity, surgical interventions, and outcomes. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address health care disparities in vulnerable pediatric populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251341951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T09:47:12Z","timestamp":1747475232000},"page":"1935-1941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association Between Social Determinants of Health and Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8902-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin C.","family":"Wilburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obesity and Cardiovascular Research, Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas H.","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Wilmington, DE, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori A.","family":"Gurien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Wolfson Children\u2019s Hospital, Jacksonville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Jobayer","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Wilmington, DE, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babu","family":"Balagopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obesity and Cardiovascular Research, Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000600"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003045"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200505000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100793"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.690971"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7228"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","unstructured":"Institute for Child Youth and Family Policy Heller School for Social Policy and Management Brandeis University. Waltham MA. Child opportunity index interactive map. Accessed June 1 2023.https:\/\/www.diversitydatakids.org\/maps"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000840"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-24-1271"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028883"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003427"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59989"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.942001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.09.113"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.7.PEDS20820"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2022.151221"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2022.107404"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/9.5.323"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.5.3.183"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2024.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2017.09.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000845"}],"container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348251341951","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00031348251341951","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348251341951","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:37:47Z","timestamp":1777379867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00031348251341951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00031348251341951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00031348251341951","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-9823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]}}}