{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:43:21Z","timestamp":1777448601021,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>America once again has an immigration problem stoked by fear and political opportunism. This review revisits the Japanese American experience in the first half of the 20th century\u2014not because the events are identical to the issues today but because the underlying dynamics are strikingly familiar: the rise of an Asian power perceived as a threat to U.S. global influence; the arrival of immigrants deemed \u201cunassimilable\u201d through racialized stereotypes; and the amplification of public anxiety by irresponsible politicians and media. In the case of the Japanese experience, the rule of law bent to popular will over 40 years to culminate in the mass incarceration of 110\u00a0000 Japanese in concentration camps in the American interior. It took another 40 years for Congress and the courts to return to constitutional principles and rectify the irreversible decisions that history would come to condemn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251369284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T14:14:25Z","timestamp":1754921665000},"page":"632-635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immigration Crises in America: Japanese Americans in 1942, US Southern Border in 2025"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9324-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don K.","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercer University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Japanese Imperialism 1894-1945","author":"Beasley WG","year":"1987","unstructured":"Beasley WG. Japanese Imperialism 1894-1945. Oxford: Oxford University; 1987."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"The Search for Modern China","author":"Spence JD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spence JD. The Search for Modern China. 3rd ed. New York, NY: W. W. Norton; 2013.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History","author":"LaFeber W","year":"1998","unstructured":"LaFeber W. The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History. New York, NY: W. W. Norton; 1998."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195097320.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjf9vr7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780295801506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide","author":"Ng W","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ng W. Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.17363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"Nisei: The Quiet Americans","author":"Hosokawa B","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hosokawa B. Nisei: The Quiet Americans. New York, NY: William Morrow; 1969."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2567407"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Japanese immigrants in California agriculture","volume":"36","author":"Iwata M","year":"1962","unstructured":"Iwata M. Japanese immigrants in California agriculture. Agric Hist. 1962;36(1):25-37.","journal-title":"Agric Hist"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"Personal Justice Denied","author":"Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians","year":"1997","unstructured":"Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Personal Justice Denied. Seattle: University of Washington Press; 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","volume-title":"What did the Internment of Japanese Americans Mean?","author":"Murray A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murray A. What did the Internment of Japanese Americans Mean? Boston: Bedford\/St. Martin's; 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"The Story of the 442d Combat Team","author":"U.S. Army Center of Military History","year":"1946","unstructured":"U.S. Army Center of Military History. The Story of the 442d Combat Team. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1946."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases","author":"Irons P","year":"1993","unstructured":"Irons P. Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1993."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"2392","volume-title":"Trump V. Hawaii, 138 S. Ct","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trump V. Hawaii, 138 S. Ct. 2392 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"One Mighty and Irresistible Tide: The Epic Struggle over American Immigration, 1924-1965","author":"Yang JL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang JL. One Mighty and Irresistible Tide: The Epic Struggle over American Immigration, 1924-1965. New York: W. W. Norton; 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"Civil Liberties Act of 1988 Pub. L. 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