{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:47:27Z","timestamp":1792788447978,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although often harmless, unexpected turbulence can occasionally cause injuries and even mortality for passengers on commercial airline flights. Studies of the mechanisms of injury associated with turbulence-related accidents can help airlines and regulatory agencies develop strategies to improve safety during encounters with turbulence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined accident reports from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), a federal agency tasked with investigating aviation accidents. Reports for accidents with at least one serious injury between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2023, were queried for the term \u201cturbulence\u201d in the probable cause section of the accident report. Data surrounding the causes and circumstances of each turbulence-related accident were then abstracted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 136 turbulence-related accidents met inclusion criteria: there were 143 serious injuries and 218 minor injuries. Ten accidents (7.4%) had more than 5 minor injuries. Flight attendants were injured in 126 accidents (92.6%). Most accidents took place during the enroute phase of flight (n = 113, 83.1%). Regional airliners were involved in 32 accidents (23.5%), and wide-body airliners were involved in 22 accidents (16.2%). When specific injury data were available, most common injuries included fractures to the ankle (n = 36, 26.5%), leg (n = 19, 14.0%), and spine (n = 17, 12.5%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis of a nationally representative database of aviation safety data reveals trends in turbulence-related accidents and their associated patterns of injury. Additional research is needed to identify potential solutions to mitigate the risk of injuries due to in-flight turbulence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251397042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T16:01:06Z","timestamp":1762790466000},"page":"1398-1403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Injuries Due to In-Flight Turbulence During United States Commercial Airline Flights (2008-2023)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2710-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya C.","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4611-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith J.","family":"Ruskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Hedlund B. Inflight injury and turbulence helping victims of airline negligence. 2022. available on web page. https:\/\/www.iata.org\/en\/programs\/safety\/loss-of-control-inflight\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"1 Dead, 6 Critically Injured amid 'severe' Turbulence on Singapore Airlines Flight, Carrier Says","author":"Shalvey K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shalvey K, Yiu K. 1 Dead, 6 Critically Injured amid 'severe' Turbulence on Singapore Airlines Flight, Carrier Says. ABC News; 2024. https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/International\/1-dead-amid-severe-turbulence-singapore-airlines-flight\/story?id=110016611"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"40 People Injured After Air Europa Flight Experiences Heavy Turbulence, Diverted to Brazil","author":"Deliso M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deliso M, Castano AEH. 40 People Injured After Air Europa Flight Experiences Heavy Turbulence, Diverted to Brazil. 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USA Today; 2024. https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/travel\/airline-news\/2024\/05\/21\/turbulence-deaths-climate-change\/73787876007\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-017-6268-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024GL113037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL103814"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024GL111618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/aer.2022.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5698.2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31816725bc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"14 CFR Part 121.803. \u00a7 121.803 Emergency medical equipment. 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