{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:46:09Z","timestamp":1777448769901,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    On June 17, 1775, 250\u00a0years ago, the British Army assaulted American forces occupying Bunker Hill. Doctor and Major General Joseph Warren led the American army, both in rank and in spirit. In addition to his successful medical practice, his political activities alongside Sam and John Adams propelled him to the forefront of the Patriot movement. Treating casualties from the Boston Massacre, organizing the Boston Tea Party, and ordering Paul Revere\u2019s famous ride, Warren embodied and propelled America\u2019s independence from England. On the morning of 17 June, he asked to be placed in the center of American lines. Connecticut militia officer John Trumbull witnessed the attack, serving a short but distinguished career in the Continental Army. Pursuing his passion for painting, he trained with Benjamin West and completed a series of works that portrayed and later defined the American Revolution. His 1786\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Death of General Warren<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the first and arguably the greatest in his oeuvre, showcased the British Army overrunning the Americans on Bunker Hill, with Warren fatally falling to a British bullet. Relying on the contemporary realism West pioneered, Trumbull successfully captured the essence of the battle: the chaos of the moment, the courage of the participants, and the pathos of Warren\u2019s martyrdom.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251400188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T06:12:25Z","timestamp":1763359945000},"page":"1352-1359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patriots of the Revolution: Joseph Warren, John Trumbull, and the Battle of Bunker Hill"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0143-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Barr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ochsner Clinic"},{"name":"Xavier-Ochsner College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rena Patricia","family":"Seeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jmb.2010.010002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"The Life of John Warren, MD, Founder of the Massachusetts Medical College; with an Appendix Containing His Inaugural Lecture, Correspondence, and Other Papers Relative to the Institution of the Medical School of Harvard University","author":"Warren E","year":"1874","unstructured":"Warren E. The Life of John Warren, MD, Founder of the Massachusetts Medical College; with an Appendix Containing His Inaugural Lecture, Correspondence, and Other Papers Relative to the Institution of the Medical School of Harvard University. Boston, MA: Noyes, Holmes, and Company; 1874."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"To Work in the Vineyard of Surgery","author":"Warren JC","year":"1958","unstructured":"Warren JC. To Work in the Vineyard of Surgery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1958."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"A Calculus of Suffering: Pain, Professionalism, and Anesthesia in Nineteenth-Century America","author":"Pernick MS","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pernick MS. A Calculus of Suffering: Pain, Professionalism, and Anesthesia in Nineteenth-Century America. 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