{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T10:06:16Z","timestamp":1779789976456,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Personality assessments have been widely used in business to identify leadership potential and enhance team performance; however, their integration into surgical education remains limited. This study evaluated surgeons\u2019 personality profiles using the PRISM assessment and compared them with those of other health care professionals to guide the design of leadership development curricula for surgical training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 199 surgeons (residents, fellows, and faculty) across multiple academic medical centers completed the PRISM personality assessment as part of structured leadership development programs. Data were compared with a normative cohort of 5887 health care professionals from the SurePeople database. Primary and under-pressure personality profiles were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher\u2019s exact tests, with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No significant differences were found between surgeons and other health care professionals in primary personality distributions. Under-pressure profiles, however, revealed a greater proportion of surgeons classified as the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Navigator<\/jats:italic>\n                      type (22% vs 14%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .05), reflecting tendency towards higher decisiveness and structure in stressful conditions. Personality distributions were similar across residents, fellows, and attending surgeons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although surgeons\u2019 baseline personalities mirror those of other health care professionals, their stress-related behavioral tendencies demonstrate a unique shift toward structured, action-oriented responses. Incorporating personality assessments such as PRISM into leadership curricula may enhance self-awareness, emotional intelligence, and team performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrating structured personality assessment into surgical leadership education provides valuable insight into behavioral responses under stress and supports the development of adaptive, emotionally intelligent leaders who foster effective and collaborative surgical teams.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348261424392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:13:09Z","timestamp":1770721989000},"page":"1991-1998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Personality Profiles and Under-Pressure Behavioral Patterns in Surgical Trainees and Faculty: Implications for Leadership Curriculum Design"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4686-367X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Glavin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Charlotte, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Scannell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest University School of Medicine, Advocate Health Musculoskeletal Institute and OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Shore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest School of Medicine and Advocate Health Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1060473"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","unstructured":"Goleman D. What makes a leader? Harv Bus Rev. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2004\/01\/what-makes-a-leader. Published online January 1 2004. Accessed 26 November 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-10713-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44250-022-00002-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1164288"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PTS.0000000000001234"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2666999"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","article-title":"Safety at the Sharp End: Training Non-Technical Skills","author":"Flin RH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flin RH, O\u2019Connor P, Crichton M. Safety at the Sharp End: Training Non-Technical Skills. Ashgate. 2008.","journal-title":"Ashgate"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XCS.0000000000000250"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2605-7_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2025.151946"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2024.100038"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","unstructured":"Goodstein LD Lanyon RI. Applications of personality assessment to the workplace: a review. J Bus Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08959285.2016.1157596"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","unstructured":"Fletcher KA Mir H Friedman A Zuckerman JD. Personality assessment and physician leadership: using data-driving self-reflection for professional development. The Free Library. 2020. https:\/\/www.thefreelibrary.com\/PERSONALITY+ASSESSMENT+AND+PHYSICIAN+LEADERSHIP:+USING+DATA-DRIVEN...-a0613866230?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 8 December 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","unstructured":"Hartung P. The impact of self-awareness on leadership behavior. Journal of Applied Leadership and Management. 2020;8. https:\/\/www.journal-alm.org\/article\/view\/21067."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2022.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2024.05.057"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2011.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2023.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XCS.0000000000001128"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2024.100093"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002503"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","unstructured":"McClelland DC Burnham DH. Power is the great motivator. Harv Bus Rev. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2003\/01\/power-is-the-great-motivator. Published online January 1 2003. Accessed 12 December 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6320-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simpson AE Hollier LH. Review of \u201csurgeons\u2019 leadership style and team behavior in the hybrid operating room\u201d. by Soenens G. Annals of SurgeryJ Craniofac Surg. 2023;27834:e5-e12. . 2023;(7):2233-2233. doi:10.1097\/SCS.0000000000009606.","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000009606"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005645"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/leader-2020-000240"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2025.100186"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","volume-title":"Healthcare Leadership Trends and Insights","author":"SurePeople","year":"2025","unstructured":"SurePeople. Healthcare Leadership Trends and Insights; 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci15080300"}],"container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348261424392","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00031348261424392","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348261424392","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T09:47:11Z","timestamp":1779788831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00031348261424392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00031348261424392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00031348261424392","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-9823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]}}}