{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T07:04:10Z","timestamp":1785308650136,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Several advances in surgery originated from observations made by medical students during their training. Although students are usually viewed primarily as learners, their position at the intersection of scientific study and patient care gave a handful a chance to have significant impact. Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Calot described the hepatocystic triangle in his doctoral thesis, establishing an anatomical principle that remains central to safe cholecystectomy. Harvey Cushing and Ernest Amory Codman developed the anesthesia record, a chart that tracks vital signs during surgery and became the foundation of modern perioperative monitoring. Jay McLean identified anticoagulant substances that led to the discovery of heparin, enabling the development of vascular and cardiac surgery. After reasoning that platelets were destroyed in the spleen, Paul Kaznelson proposed splenectomy as treatment for immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Charles Best\u2019s observation that ligation of the pancreatic duct in dogs caused atrophy of the exocrine pancreas while preserving the islets led to the isolation of insulin, one of the most important therapeutic discoveries in medicine. Seeking a more efficient method of blood transfusion, Michael DeBakey designed the roller pump, a device that later became essential to cardiopulmonary bypass. As a medical student at Johns Hopkins, David C. Sabiston Jr participated in early work with Mark Ravitch exploring restorative operations for ulcerative colitis. Thomas Fogarty conceived the balloon embolectomy catheter after seeing the difficulty of removing arterial emboli. These episodes illustrate how curiosity and careful observation during medical education can produce insights that shape surgical practice for decades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348261446636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:24:19Z","timestamp":1776871459000},"page":"2481-2485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medical Student Contributions to Surgical Innovation: Historical Lessons for Modern Training"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9324-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don K.","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercer University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2561-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"McElveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercer University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"An analysis of the problem of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy","volume":"180","author":"Strasberg SM","year":"1995","unstructured":"Strasberg SM, Hertl M, Soper NJ. An analysis of the problem of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;180(1):101-125.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SLA.0000060680.92690.E9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22170"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"1865","article-title":"Plaster of Paris: the orthopaedic surgeon heritage","volume":"40","author":"Hernigou P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hernigou P. Plaster of Paris: the orthopaedic surgeon heritage. Int Orthop. 2016;40(9):1865-1870.","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"History of anesthesia records. American Society of Anesthesiologists. APSF 25 th anniversary edition","volume":"75","author":"Zeitlin GL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeitlin GL. History of anesthesia records. American Society of Anesthesiologists. APSF 25 th anniversary edition. ASA Newsl. 2011;75(suppl 1):26-29.","journal-title":"ASA Newsl"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"1649","article-title":"The anesthesia records of Harvey Cushing and Ernest Codman","volume":"126","author":"Sundararaman L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sundararaman L, Desai SP. The anesthesia records of Harvey Cushing and Ernest Codman. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(5):1649-1656.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1355819616648984"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1916.41.2.250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.3_suppl.188S"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251363850"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/48.3.253"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"E1","article-title":"The discovery of insulin revisited: lessons for modern diabetes research","volume":"44","author":"Lewis GF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lewis GF, Brubaker PL. The discovery of insulin revisited: lessons for modern diabetes research. Clin Invest Med. 2021;44(2):E1-E7.","journal-title":"Clin Invest Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01222.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"386","article-title":"A simple continuous-flow blood transfusion instrument","volume":"87","author":"DeBakey ME","year":"1934","unstructured":"DeBakey ME. A simple continuous-flow blood transfusion instrument. New Orleans Med Surg J. 1934;87:386-389.","journal-title":"New Orleans Med Surg J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000071746.50876.E2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000097525.33229.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Anal ileostomy with preservation of the sphincter. A proposed operation in patients requiring total colectomy for benign lesions","volume":"84","author":"Ravitch MM","year":"1947","unstructured":"Ravitch MM, Sabiston DCJr. Anal ileostomy with preservation of the sphincter. A proposed operation in patients requiring total colectomy for benign lesions. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1947;84:1095-1099.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197710000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Arterial embolectomy before and after the Fogarty catheter","volume":"77","author":"Green RM","year":"1975","unstructured":"Green RM, DeWeese J, Rob CG. Arterial embolectomy before and after the Fogarty catheter. Surgery. 1975;77:24-33.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"478","article-title":"Fogarty and his catheter","volume":"64","author":"Meyers M","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meyers M, O\u2019Leary JP. Fogarty and his catheter. Am Surg. 1998;64(5):478-479.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"A method for extraction of arterial emboli and thrombi","volume":"116","author":"Fogarty TJ","year":"1963","unstructured":"Fogarty TJ, Cranley JJ, Krause RJ, Strasser ES, Hafner CD. A method for extraction of arterial emboli and thrombi. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1963;116:241-244.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"}],"container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348261446636","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00031348261446636","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00031348261446636","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:19:53Z","timestamp":1785305993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00031348261446636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00031348261446636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00031348261446636","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1348","1555-9823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-9823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]}}}