{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:20:38Z","timestamp":1787768438013,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Racial and ethnic disparities in stage at cancer diagnosis remain a major contributor to cancer-related mortality in the United States. Whether the magnitude of these disparities differs across cancers with distinct screening paradigms remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Cancer Database (2006-2021) to examine racial and ethnic differences in distant-stage presentation among adults diagnosed with lung, breast, or colorectal cancer. Multivariable logistic regression models with robust standard errors were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for distant-stage disease. Interaction terms between race\/ethnicity and cancer type were included to assess whether disparities differed across cancers. To facilitate cross-cancer comparisons, we also estimated adjusted predicted probabilities and absolute risk differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 3,386,771 patients, racial and ethnic disparities in distant-stage presentation varied substantially across cancer types. In lung cancer, compared with Non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients, the odds of distant-stage disease were modestly higher among Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03), Hispanic (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.10-1.14), and Non-Hispanic Other (NHO) patients (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.16-1.22), corresponding to absolute increases of 0.5, 2.8, and 4.3 percentage points, respectively. In breast cancer, NHB patients experienced substantially higher odds of distant-stage presentation (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.58-1.64), representing the largest disparity observed across all cancers. In colorectal cancer, NHB patients also had higher odds of distant-stage disease (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.12-1.16), whereas Hispanic and NHO patients had lower odds and absolute probabilities compared with NHW patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Racial and ethnic disparities in distant-stage presentation vary markedly across cancers. The largest inequities occur among Non-Hispanic Black patients with breast cancer despite the presence of long-standing population screening programs, suggesting that mechanisms beyond screening access\u2014such as delays in diagnostic follow-up, barriers to care navigation, and structural inequities\u2014contribute to persistent disparities in early cancer detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348261480812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:33:18Z","timestamp":1787553198000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Distant-Stage Presentation of Lung, Breast, and Colorectal Cancers, 2006-2021"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Oluwasegun","family":"Akinyemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard University College of 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