{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:46:22Z","timestamp":1792154782501,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Surgeon\u2122"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, particularly large language models (LLMs), have rapidly integrated into surgical and biomedical research, prompting fundamental questions about their appropriate role. This review presents a stage-specific framework mapping each phase of the surgical research workflow (literature review, data analysis, manuscript preparation, and research synthesis) to the role AI plays, the benefits it provides, the failure modes it introduces, and the oversight it requires. Artificial intelligence-powered query systems are designed to speed literature synthesis across thousands of publications. In data analysis, LLMs paired with statistical environments can perform regression modeling and generate auditable code, while specialized architectures support automated image segmentation and histopathology analysis. Each stage\u2019s benefits, however, are matched by characteristic failure modes: LLMs are prone to error and hallucination, reproducibility is threatened by model versioning and run-to-run variability, fabricated citations and paper-mill submissions endanger the integrity of the literature, and over-reliance risks eroding trainee competencies in critical appraisal and biostatistical reasoning. Because these failure modes are stage-specific, governance must be stage-specific as well: the framework pairs each risk with a matched oversight mechanism, and these mechanisms translate into practical implementation recommendations for surgical departments, residency programs, research groups, and journals. The integration of AI into surgical scholarship should be viewed as augmentation rather than replacement, supported by standardized disclosure frameworks, AI literacy in graduate medical education, and institutional governance structures that preserve the integrity of surgical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348261496616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:49:22Z","timestamp":1791935362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence Across the Surgical Research Workflow: A Stage-Specific Framework for Benefits, Failure Modes, and Oversight"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6745-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac H.","family":"Lies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, College of Medicine at Chattanooga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Urevick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, College of Medicine at Chattanooga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynch","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, College of Medicine at Chattanooga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2998-8719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kay","family":"Buerster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, College of Medicine at Chattanooga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addison","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, College of Medicine at Chattanooga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0163-5481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith","family":"Rippy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, College of Medicine at Chattanooga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syamal D.","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, College of Medicine at Chattanooga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237108"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/surgeries6030055"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22454\/FamMed.2024.587513"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu R Peng J. 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