{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:33:16Z","timestamp":1777401196173,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Angiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous arteritis involving large arteries, particularly the aorta and its major proximal branches, including the carotid and temporal arteries. GCA involves individuals over 50\u00a0years old. The etiopathogenesis of GCA may involve a genetic background triggered by unknown environmental factors (eg infections), the activation of dendritic cells as well as inflammatory and vascular remodeling. However, its pathogenetic mechanism still remains unclear, although progress has been made in recent years. In the past, inflammatory markers and arterial biopsy were considered as gold standard for the diagnosis of GCA. However, emerging imaging methods have been made more sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of GCA. Treatment includes biological and other modalities including interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00033197221130564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T02:27:33Z","timestamp":1664245653000},"page":"709-716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Giant Cell Arteritis: Focusing on Current Aspects From the Clinic to Diagnosis and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Aristeidis","family":"Vaiopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meletios","family":"Kanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Vaiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6355-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Samanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Adult Cardiac Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phedon","family":"Kaklamanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Medical Centre, Rheumatology Clinic, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30155"},{"key":"bibr2-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24459"},{"key":"bibr3-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2018.03.002"},{"key":"bibr4-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.01.008"},{"key":"bibr5-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.05.014"},{"key":"bibr6-00033197221130564","first-page":"2160","volume":"30","author":"Boiardi L","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr7-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3358"},{"key":"bibr8-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006636"},{"key":"bibr9-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0755-4982(04)98939-7"},{"key":"bibr10-00033197221130564","first-page":"112","volume":"23","author":"Elling P","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr11-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex423"},{"key":"bibr12-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket231"},{"key":"bibr13-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3322"},{"key":"bibr14-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102905"},{"key":"bibr15-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000180042.42156.d1"},{"key":"bibr16-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160466"},{"key":"bibr17-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2005.01.006"},{"key":"bibr18-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000180043.19285.54"},{"key":"bibr19-00033197221130564","first-page":"T9","volume":"115","author":"Bilyk JR","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"bibr20-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.06.001"},{"key":"bibr21-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330810"},{"key":"bibr22-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70123-0"},{"key":"bibr23-00033197221130564","first-page":"S23","volume":"21","author":"Salvarani C","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr24-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245837"},{"key":"bibr25-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.020"},{"key":"bibr26-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.55.6.403-b"},{"key":"bibr27-00033197221130564","first-page":"98","volume":"37","author":"Pipitone N","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr28-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000700"},{"key":"bibr29-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201611010"},{"key":"bibr30-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-011-1808-0"},{"key":"bibr31-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000244"},{"key":"bibr32-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040030721028"},{"key":"bibr33-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4068-4"},{"key":"bibr34-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1225-2"},{"key":"bibr35-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.01.031"},{"key":"bibr36-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1106"},{"key":"bibr37-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key325"},{"key":"bibr38-00033197221130564","first-page":"519","volume":"22","author":"Scott KR","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"key":"bibr39-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.046912"},{"key":"bibr40-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212649"},{"key":"bibr41-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711063371902"},{"key":"bibr42-00033197221130564","first-page":"S72","volume":"37","author":"Conway R","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr43-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes153"},{"key":"bibr44-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-01947-1"},{"key":"bibr45-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.07.012"},{"key":"bibr46-00033197221130564","first-page":"1224","volume":"29","author":"Nesher G","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr47-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2003"},{"key":"bibr48-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-44"},{"key":"bibr49-00033197221130564","first-page":"2165","volume":"30","author":"Hamidou MA","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr50-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez641"},{"key":"bibr51-00033197221130564","first-page":"47","volume":"34","author":"Aschwanden M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultraschall der Med"},{"key":"bibr52-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.39.2.124"},{"key":"bibr53-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1387::AID-ART232>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"bibr54-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/snuc.2002.29278"},{"key":"bibr55-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1122-z"},{"key":"bibr56-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.03.045"},{"key":"bibr57-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001542"},{"key":"bibr58-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.05.007"},{"key":"bibr59-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac251"},{"key":"bibr60-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40864"},{"key":"bibr61-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0480-1"},{"key":"bibr62-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2018.1485491"},{"key":"bibr63-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.04.027"},{"key":"bibr64-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622317700089"},{"key":"bibr65-00033197221130564","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Regola F","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol Adv Pract"},{"key":"bibr66-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.12.005"},{"key":"bibr67-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/l0hd9v"},{"key":"bibr68-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40044"},{"key":"bibr69-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01076-X"},{"key":"bibr70-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92665-4"},{"key":"bibr71-00033197221130564","first-page":"1186","volume":"32","author":"Gonzalez-Gay MA","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr72-00033197221130564","first-page":"1103","volume":"26","author":"Breuer GS","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr73-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22736"},{"key":"bibr74-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2001.16650"},{"key":"bibr75-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.190236"},{"key":"bibr76-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000697"},{"key":"bibr77-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.039"},{"key":"bibr78-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.07.006"},{"key":"bibr79-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.2890020604"},{"key":"bibr80-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02335-4"},{"key":"bibr81-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2017-000612"},{"key":"bibr82-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2008.10.006"},{"key":"bibr83-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/914692"},{"key":"bibr84-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2015.03.010"},{"key":"bibr85-00033197221130564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4106-0"}],"container-title":["Angiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00033197221130564","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00033197221130564","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00033197221130564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:21:11Z","timestamp":1777371671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00033197221130564"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00033197221130564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00033197221130564","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3197","1940-1574"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3197","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-1574","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]}}}