{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:39:25Z","timestamp":1782376765387,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1987,2,1]],"date-time":"1987-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":539136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Angiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Amputation has been practiced at least since 43,000 B.C.E. for ritualistic, punitive, curative, or vocational reasons. Fitting with prostheses has been done since at least 1,500 B.C.E.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Anesthetics were used, but which ones is not known. Analgesics such as salicylates in plants, narcotics such as cocaine and opium, and soporifics such as alcohol and peyote were common.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Amputation was done with knives, axes, and saws. Control of bleeding was by ligature, cautery, bandaging pressure, and plant and animal products. Suture was with cotton or human hair, acacia and other thorns, ant jaws, and sinew, with or without a drain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Prostheses were made of fiber, wood, bone, and metals, often lined with rags.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978703800207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,26]],"date-time":"2007-11-26T17:46:29Z","timestamp":1196099189000},"page":"133-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Acquired Amputation and Prostheses Before the Sixteenth Century"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Padula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nassau County Medical Center, East Meadow, N.Y."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence W.","family":"Friedmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Angiology, The Journal of Vascular Disease; Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, S.U.N.Y.-Stony Brook, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"10","author":"Friedmann W.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bulletin of Prosthetics Research (BPR)"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Bones, bodies, and disease","author":"Wells C.","year":"1964"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Amputations","author":"Gillis L.","year":"1954"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Diseases in Antiquity","author":"Brothwell DR","year":"1967"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Chirurgie","author":"Heister L.","year":"1719"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"A history of Medicine","author":"Sigerist E.","year":"1967"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Peru, Archeologia Mundi","author":"Larco Hoyle R","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"La medicine de l'amerique pre-columbienne","author":"Coury C.","year":"1969"}],"container-title":["Angiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000331978703800207","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000331978703800207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:15:14Z","timestamp":1777371314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/000331978703800207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,2]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/000331978703800207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000331978703800207","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3197","1940-1574"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3197","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-1574","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,2]]}}}