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In turn, TGF-\u03b21 stimulates the transformation of tracheal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts with increased matrix production and scar contraction that might be influential in laying the foundation for the development of SGS. Consistent with this hypothesis, histologic analysis of tracheas from humans with SGS and from rats with experimental tracheal injury revealed increased \u03b1\u2013smooth muscle actin\u2014positive cells as compared to control tracheas, suggesting increased myofibroblast differentiation. Rat tracheal fibroblasts exposed to TGF-\u03b21 or gastric juice in vitro showed increased expression of \u03b1\u2013smooth muscle actin, alterations in the expression of matrix molecules, and increased contraction of collagen gels. These findings suggest that gastric juice or other agents of tracheal injury promote tissue remodeling through the stimulation of the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940411300614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T14:40:52Z","timestamp":1412347252000},"page":"488-497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21, Myofibroblasts, and Tissue Remodeling in the Pathogenesis of Tracheal Injury: Potential Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Theresa","family":"Jarmuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Roser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilda","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111000703"},{"key":"bibr2-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111000403"},{"key":"bibr3-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(01)00545-6"},{"key":"bibr4-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940211100806"},{"key":"bibr5-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.10.1260"},{"key":"bibr6-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949910801106"},{"key":"bibr7-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111000501"},{"key":"bibr8-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000045921"},{"key":"bibr9-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1078"},{"key":"bibr10-000348940411300614","first-page":"366","volume":"63","author":"Schuppan D","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Belg"},{"key":"bibr11-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.24.1.4040"},{"key":"bibr12-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115821"},{"key":"bibr13-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.6_suppl.286S"},{"key":"bibr14-000348940411300614","first-page":"368","volume":"316","author":"Roman J","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"bibr15-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10799900050151067"},{"key":"bibr16-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00175.2001"},{"key":"bibr17-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.108.6.2529"},{"key":"bibr18-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.278.4.L703"},{"key":"bibr19-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(01)80132-3"},{"key":"bibr20-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.1.25"},{"key":"bibr21-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.3.9902064"},{"key":"bibr22-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(98)00163-3"},{"key":"bibr23-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00041-3"},{"key":"bibr24-000348940411300614","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Interstitial lung disease","author":"Roman J","year":"1998","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr25-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.6_suppl.275S"},{"key":"bibr26-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.31.21491"},{"key":"bibr27-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.5.551"},{"key":"bibr28-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00355-1"},{"key":"bibr29-000348940411300614","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004311-199703530-00014"},{"key":"bibr30-000348940411300614","first-page":"541","volume":"16","author":"Khalil N","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Otology, Rhinology &amp; 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