{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:12:50Z","timestamp":1777421570858,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simple, 2-compartment mathematical models of middle ear (ME) transmucosal gas exchange reproduce observed ME pressure behavior. These models require input of an experimentally determined, lumped-parameter exchange constant for each represented gas species. Previous model applications assumed directional asymmetry for those parameters, which has not been experimentally validated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As a surrogate for the inert gas nitrogen (N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), for which exchange is too slow to be measurable, the nitrous oxide (N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O) transmucosal exchange constant for 16 ears of 8 monkeys was measured for positive and negative ME blood N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O gradients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The paired exchange constants for each ear were highly correlated, but the ME-blood\/blood-ME exchange constant ratio was approximately 13. Modeling shows this asymmetry to depend on the value of the arterial-venous\/arterial-ME ratio, a variable in the exchange constant for perfusion-limited gases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results support an asymmetric rate of transmucosal N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O and, by extension, N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exchange for the ME. Because the primary controlling parameter for ME pressure behavior in the absence of eustachian tube opening is the rate of transmucosal N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exchange, this effect needs to be incorporated into the simple 2-compartment exchange models for predictive accuracy. The gradient ratio dependence suggests that parameter-free modeling may require treating the ME mucosa as having a distributed gradient for certain gas species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711600112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T14:40:52Z","timestamp":1412347252000},"page":"69-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Directional Asymmetry in the Measured Nitrous Oxide Time Constant for Middle Ear Transmucosal Gas Exchange"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"William J.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sancak","family":"Yuksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuneyt M.","family":"Alper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-000348940711600112","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The function and mechanics of normal, diseased and reconstructed middle ears","author":"Doyle WJ","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr2-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488009136997"},{"key":"bibr3-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949810700302"},{"key":"bibr4-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870240082013"},{"key":"bibr5-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949210100512"},{"key":"bibr6-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949410300811"},{"key":"bibr7-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1995.01890080055011"},{"key":"bibr8-000348940711600112","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media","author":"Doyle WJ","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr9-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0385-8146(98)00060-1"},{"key":"bibr10-000348940711600112","first-page":"106","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media","author":"Hergils L","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr11-000348940711600112","first-page":"116","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media","author":"Alper CM","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr12-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949710600905"},{"key":"bibr13-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489709113464"},{"key":"bibr14-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489009122520"},{"key":"bibr15-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1985.00800040050004"},{"key":"bibr16-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1988.01860240092030"},{"key":"bibr17-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00179376"},{"key":"bibr18-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199805000-00011"},{"key":"bibr19-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2003.01096.x"},{"key":"bibr20-000348940711600112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00634.2002"},{"key":"bibr21-000348940711600112","first-page":"283","volume-title":"The respiratory system","volume":"4","author":"Loring SH","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["Annals of Otology, Rhinology &amp; Laryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000348940711600112","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/000348940711600112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:17:28Z","timestamp":1777375048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/000348940711600112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/000348940711600112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000348940711600112","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4894","1943-572X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4894","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-572X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}