{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:30:07Z","timestamp":1785198607264,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,11]],"date-time":"2014-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to illustrate the otorhinolaryngologic manifestations of levamisole toxicity and illuminate the features of this diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We describe a case of a known cocaine abuser with suspected levamisole toxicity who developed cutaneous necrosis of the cheeks, earlobes, nose, upper and lower lip, and the midline hard palate. We also review the existing clinical literature about this emerging phenomenon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Levamisole is a common adulterant in cocaine distributed in the United States and has been reported to cause microvascular thrombosis and vasculitis with resultant skin necrosis in cocaine abusers. The distribution of skin findings characteristically involves the cheeks, earlobes, nose, lips, and hard palate and responds variably to cessation of cocaine use. In its most severe cases, immune suppression and\/or surgical debridement may be required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Levamisole toxicity can frequently involve the ears, nose, and throat tissues. Otorhinolaryngologists should recognize these manifestations to expeditiously diagnose and manage this condition. Failure to do so promptly can lead to complications that may necessitate reconstructive or amputation surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489414542087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,12]],"date-time":"2014-07-12T02:18:12Z","timestamp":1405131492000},"page":"30-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Facial Cutaneous Necrosis Associated With Suspected Levamisole Toxicity From Tainted Cocaine Abuse"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Formeister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Falcone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Mair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0003489414542087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.03.010"},{"key":"bibr2-0003489414542087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/PHAR.1012"},{"key":"bibr3-0003489414542087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson T, Bremmer M, Cohen J, Driscoll M. Vasculopathy related to cocaine adulterated with levamisole: a review of the literature. Dermatol Online J. 2012;18(7):1. http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/6g18r9cv. 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