{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:24:14Z","timestamp":1777425854053,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1UL1TR001430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UL1TR001430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the use of race and socioeconomic status (SES) variables in clinical otolarynogologic research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Databases were queried for all articles published in 2016 issues of 5 major otolaryngologic journals. One thousand, one hundred and forty of 1593 articles abstracted met inclusion criteria for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 244 (21.4%) studies specified race as a variable. The subspecialty of Head and Neck cancer specified race at statistically higher rates compared to other subspecialties ( P\u2009=\u2009.002). Two hundred nine (34.0%) domestic studies specified race compared to 35 (6.7%) international studies. Of the 244 studies that specified race, 79 (32.4%) defined race using racial and ethnic categories interchangeably. Two hundred twenty-four (91.8%) studies reported data by race, 145 (59.4%) analyzed the data, and 112 (45.9%) discussed race-based results. In total, 94 (8.2%) studies specified SES. All subspecialties specified SES at statistically similar rates. Seventy (11.4%) domestic studies specified SES compared to 24 (4.6%) international studies. Of the 94 studies that specified SES, 42 (44.7%) defined SES using insurance status, 35 (37.2%) used education, and 32 (34.0%) used income. Seventy-eight (83.0%) studies reported data by SES, 71 (75.5%) analyzed the data, and 68 (72.3%) discussed SES-based results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In clinical otolaryngologic research, the study of race and SES is limited. To improve quality of research and patient care for all patients, investigators should clearly justify their use of race and SES variables, carefully select their measures of race and SES (if the use of these variables is justified), and study race\/SES-based data beyond just a superficial level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894221111323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T06:36:11Z","timestamp":1658385371000},"page":"721-730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Use of Race and Socioeconomic Status Variables in Published Otolaryngologic Research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7289-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yash","family":"Prakash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0720-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libby M.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaroug","family":"Jaleel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1844-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinith","family":"Ilavarasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihir","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amador Valley High School, Pleasanton, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00034894221111323","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on understanding and eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Summary. In: Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR (eds) Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. National Academies Press (US); 2003:1-28. Accessed July 1, 2019. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK220358"},{"key":"bibr2-00034894221111323","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. National healthcare quality and disparities report and 5th anniversary update on the national quality strategy. 2015;40."},{"key":"bibr3-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/24624"},{"key":"bibr4-00034894221111323","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Social Determinants of Health. Accessed July 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1"},{"key":"bibr5-00034894221111323","unstructured":"Araojo R. A Decade of FDA Advancing Health Equity. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. April 2020 Accessed July 2022. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/fda-voices\/decade-fda-advancing-health-equity"},{"key":"bibr6-00034894221111323","unstructured":"U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of the Secretary, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation and Office of Minority Health. HHS Action Plan to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2015. https:\/\/www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov\/assets\/pdf\/hhs\/HHS_Plan_complete.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-00034894221111323","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. Provisional death counts for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2022. Accessed December 31, 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/covid19\/index.htm"},{"key":"bibr8-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306239"},{"key":"bibr9-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.2874"},{"key":"bibr10-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000936"},{"key":"bibr11-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26995"},{"key":"bibr12-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1013285"},{"key":"bibr13-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.10.002"},{"key":"bibr14-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814552647"},{"key":"bibr15-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998221087138"},{"key":"bibr16-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211039490"},{"key":"bibr17-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29371"},{"key":"bibr18-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29325"},{"key":"bibr19-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)31470-X"},{"key":"bibr20-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.10.1345"},{"key":"bibr21-00034894221111323","unstructured":"Communicating the Value of Race and Ethnicity in Research. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2018. Accessed July 3, 2019. https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/about-nih\/what-we-do\/science-health-public-trust\/perspectives\/science-health-public-trust\/communicating-value-race-ethnicity-research"},{"key":"bibr22-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2004740"},{"key":"bibr23-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27871"},{"key":"bibr24-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.2032"},{"key":"bibr25-00034894221111323","unstructured":"Thomson Reuters. 2016 Journal Citation Reports. 2017. Accessed December 2017."},{"key":"bibr26-00034894221111323","volume-title":"Guidance for the National Healthcare Disparities Report","author":"Swift EK","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr27-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-007-9062-5"},{"key":"bibr28-00034894221111323","unstructured":"Commission Nationale de l\u2019Informatique et des Libert\u00e9s. Act 78-17 of 6 January 1978 on Data Processing, Data Files, and Individual Liberties. 1978. Accessed January 2021. https:\/\/www.ssi.ens.fr\/textes\/a78-17-text.html"},{"key":"bibr29-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pep.2001.0022"},{"key":"bibr30-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12910"},{"key":"bibr31-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz113"},{"key":"bibr32-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv156"},{"key":"bibr33-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040287"},{"key":"bibr34-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300544"},{"key":"bibr35-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2016.00022"},{"key":"bibr36-00034894221111323","volume-title":"Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement","author":"Institute of Medicine (US)","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr37-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2025768"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr38-00034894221111323","first-page":"1013","volume":"99","author":"Shavers VL","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr39-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.22.2879"},{"key":"bibr40-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000353"},{"key":"bibr41-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141291S211"},{"key":"bibr42-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5922.12675"},{"key":"bibr43-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392100048003007"},{"key":"bibr44-00034894221111323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305722"}],"container-title":["Annals of Otology, Rhinology &amp; Laryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00034894221111323","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00034894221111323","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00034894221111323","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:30:14Z","timestamp":1777375814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00034894221111323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00034894221111323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00034894221111323","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4894","1943-572X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4894","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-572X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]}}}