{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:12:43Z","timestamp":1790269963756,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the medical school experiences of current U.S. otolaryngology residents to better understand gender biases that may persist within the specialty and to inform strategies that could improve workforce excellence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A voluntary, IRB-approved survey was distributed to U.S. otolaryngology residency program directors and coordinators for distribution to their residents. Gender-stratified analyses were performed using Chi-squared tests, Mann-Whitney tests, and thematic analysis. A\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value\u2009&lt;\u2009.05 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 137 complete surveys, 58% of respondents identified as female (mean age 29.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8\u2009years). Factors that deterred female respondents from pursuing otolaryngology included a perceived requirement of high USMLE board scores (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05), concerns about racial, ethnic, gender, and sexual diversity (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05), and concerns about time limitations for raising a family (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0005). Female respondents were significantly more likely to have witnessed or experienced gender discrimination (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05) and received negative comments about their clinical abilities (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0005) compared to their male counterparts. Having a gender-concordant mentor significantly influenced career choice among female respondents (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0005).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent gender disparities continue to shape otolaryngology residents\u2019 experiences and perceptions, from mentorship access to perceptions of bias. Key targets for intervention include gender-concordant mentorship, early medical school exposure, and addressing inherent bias through educational and department-wide initiatives. Meaningful progress requires collective institutional commitment to structural and cultural change to ensure a more supportive environment for all trainees.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894261485442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:25:58Z","timestamp":1790079958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Medical School Experiences Bias Specialty Selection: Perspectives From Current U.S. Otolaryngology Residents"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4834-9781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisha R.","family":"Pershad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5820-6111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-1551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Thompson-Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelima","family":"Tummala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Punam","family":"Thakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"U.S. Physician Workforce Data Dashboard. AAMC; 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"2022 U.S. Medical School Faculty. Supplemental Table C: Department Chairs by Department Sex and Race\/Ethnicity. AAMC; 2022. Accessed January 26 2026. https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/media\/41546\/download"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Table B3. Number of Active Residents by Type of Medical School GME Specialty and Sex for 2020-2021. AAMC; 2021. Accessed January 26 2026. https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/data-reports\/students-residents\/data\/report-residents\/2021\/table-b3-number-active-residents-type-medical-school-gme-specialty-and-sex"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Table B3. Number of Active Residents by Type of Medical School GME Specialty and Gender for 2024-2025. AAMC. October 3 2025. Accessed January 26 2026. https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/data-reports\/students-residents\/data\/report-residents\/2025\/table-b3-number-active-residents-type-medical-school-gme-specialty-and-gender"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.08.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2023.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.966"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aet2.10645"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.70066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613221107149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2024.104326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819900261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215122002122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.24.00210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"2025 FACTS: Applicants and Matriculants Data. 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Accessed June 1 2026. https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/data-reports\/students-residents\/data\/facts-applicants-and-matriculants."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.1217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.32405"}],"container-title":["Annals of Otology, Rhinology &amp; Laryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00034894261485442","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00034894261485442","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00034894261485442","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:47:51Z","timestamp":1790268471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00034894261485442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00034894261485442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00034894261485442","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4894","1943-572X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4894","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-572X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"article-number":"00034894261485442"}}