{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:44:10Z","timestamp":1778813050306,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1976,7,1]],"date-time":"1976-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":205027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The etiology of 389 cases of partial or complete bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis has been determined and classified. One hundred and forty-nine were infants and children 12 years of age and under; 240 were adults, age 13 and older. In the infants and children the paralyses were congenital in 82 cases, of which 43 were associated with other congenital anomalies, and 39 were without associated anomalies. Fifty-nine cases were considered acquired, most being secondary to underlying congenital anomalies, particularly the associated findings of meningomyelocele, Arnold-Chiari malformation, and hydrocephalus. Eight cases of paralysis in this age group were of undetermined etiology. Of the 240 adult cases of bilateral vocal cord paralysis, 138 followed thyroidectomy. Fifty-two cases were associated with various neurologic disorders, including poliomyelitis, Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular accident, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, multiple sclerosis, neoplasm, and other miscellaneous neurologic conditions. Sixteen cases were due to malignant neoplasms of the neck and mediastinum. The remaining 34 cases constitute a miscellaneous group which includes foreign bodies, bilateral neck dissection, infection, congenital lesions, trauma, and idiopathic paralyses. The characteristic symptoms of bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis include normal or near normal phonation with inspiratory stridor which may progress to complete respiratory obstruction. These symptoms are due to the stationary but flaccid midline position of the vocal cords which places them in a phonating position, where they both obstruct the airway and produce a fairly clear voice or cry. This paradoxical combination of symptoms was frequently found to be responsible for a failure or delay in diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947608500402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T14:29:51Z","timestamp":1412346591000},"page":"428-436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Etiology of Bilateral Abductor Vocal Cord Paralysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Lauren D.","family":"Holinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Holinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul H.","family":"Holinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1976,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100057455"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1974.00780040227015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","article-title":"Subglottic stenosis in infants and children","author":"Holinger PH","unstructured":"Holinger PH, Kutnick SL, Schild JA, Subglottic stenosis in infants and children. 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Pediatrics 13: 476\u2013486, 1954","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"38","article-title":"Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis; medical and surgical aspects","author":"Holinger PH","year":"1956","unstructured":"Holinger PH, Johnston KC: Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis; medical and surgical aspects. Eye Digest 38\u201345, June 1956","journal-title":"Eye Digest"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100050866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1956.03830150037007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221510005516X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-196301000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-196502000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.28.3.0207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.21.7.673"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947208100604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","unstructured":"Reichert TJ Schild JA Holinger PH: Respiratory obstruction in infants with meningomyelocele and hydrocephalus. Presented at the Third Annual Meeting of Society for Ear Nose and Throat Advances in Children Mexico City Mexico November 8 1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/96.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1975.00490480059007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1955.02960070019006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"250","article-title":"Bulbar poliomyelitis","volume":"56","author":"Galloway TC","year":"1947","unstructured":"Galloway TC, Seifert MH: Bulbar poliomyelitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 56: 250\u2013263, 1947","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Anesthetists' viewpoint on treatment of respiratory complications in poliomyelitis during the epidemic in Copenhagen in 1952","volume":"47","author":"Ibsen B","year":"1954","unstructured":"Ibsen B: Anesthetists' viewpoint on treatment of respiratory complications in poliomyelitis during the epidemic in Copenhagen in 1952. Proc R Soc Med 47: 72\u201374, 1954","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","first-page":"590","article-title":"Tracheotomy in acute tracheobronchitis and poliomyelitis","volume":"1","author":"Holinger PH","year":"1952","unstructured":"Holinger PH, Johnston KC: Tracheotomy in acute tracheobronchitis and poliomyelitis. 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