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Deficits in voice initiation or coordination of resonation with speech that occur without significant neuromuscular impairment following a lesion to Broca's area are compatible with a motor speech programming disorder, or apraxia of speech. Conversely, damage to upper or lower motor neurons subserving motor speech results in a group of neuromuscular speech disorders, the dysarthrias, which have signs including aberrations of phonation and resonation which can be differentiated. The neuropathologic and perceptual characteristics of neurogenic dysphonia are elucidated, and suggestions are provided for their identification and differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948409300114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T14:35:41Z","timestamp":1412346941000},"page":"57-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Neurogenic Dysphonia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"David E.","family":"Hartman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LaCrosse, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1984,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-000348948409300114","first-page":"659","volume":"46","author":"Canter GJ","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med"},{"key":"bibr2-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1202.246"},{"key":"bibr3-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1203.462"},{"key":"bibr4-000348948409300114","volume-title":"Motor speech disorders","author":"Darley FL","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr5-000348948409300114","volume-title":"Clinical voice disorders: an interdisciplinary approach","author":"Aronson AE","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr6-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948109000504"},{"key":"bibr7-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197701000-00009"},{"key":"bibr8-000348948409300114","volume-title":"Aphasia","author":"Darley FL","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr9-000348948409300114","volume-title":"The nervous system: introduction and review","author":"Noback CR","year":"1977","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr10-000348948409300114","volume-title":"Speech and hearing science: anatomy and physiology","author":"Zemlin WR","year":"1981","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr11-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1303.556"},{"key":"bibr12-000348948409300114","volume-title":"Studies in neurolinguistics","author":"Johns DF","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr13-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.3901.53"},{"key":"bibr14-000348948409300114","volume-title":"Clinical management of neurogenic communicative disorders","author":"Johns DF","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr15-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4301.47"},{"key":"bibr16-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(74)80021-1"},{"key":"bibr17-000348948409300114","first-page":"78","volume":"10","author":"Borison RL","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"bibr18-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/72.2.113"},{"key":"bibr19-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4601.52"},{"key":"bibr20-000348948409300114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartman DE, Abbs J, Vishwanat B. 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