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For some years, genetic ultrastructural ciliary alterations have been recognized, with symptoms dating from early life. It is only in recent years, however, that evidence has shown that ultrastructural ciliary alterations can be acquired later in life and that these alterations in turn lead to a deterioration of efficient ciliary cleansing. A discussion of the intrastructure of the normal mammalian cilium will be given, as well as a listing of the genetic ciliary diseases and their characteristic morphologic alterations. A more complete review will be made in regard to acquired ciliary defects, their cause, the ultrastructural changes, and the relation to clinical disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948809700308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T14:35:41Z","timestamp":1412346941000},"page":"253-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Acquired Ultrastructural Alterations of Respiratory Cilia and Clinical Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"John J.","family":"Ballenger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evanston, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1988,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-000348948809700308","first-page":"287","volume":"64","author":"Sleigh MA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr2-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894850940S201"},{"key":"bibr3-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)33744-0"},{"key":"bibr4-000348948809700308","first-page":"791","volume":"80","author":"Sleigh MA","year":"1981","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bibr5-000348948809700308","first-page":"173","volume":"66","author":"Afzelius BA","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr6-000348948809700308","volume-title":"Respiratory defense mechanisms","author":"Sleigh M","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr7-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.53.2.494"},{"key":"bibr8-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.16.2.241","volume":"16","author":"Hartman JP","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"bibr9-000348948809700308","first-page":"280","volume":"64","author":"Afzelius BA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr10-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(81)80018-X"},{"key":"bibr11-000348948809700308","first-page":"31","volume":"64","author":"Waite DA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr12-000348948809700308","first-page":"197","volume":"18","author":"Finkelstein D","year":"1982","journal-title":"Birth Defects"},{"key":"bibr13-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198203000-00014"},{"key":"bibr14-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197905000-00015"},{"key":"bibr15-000348948809700308","first-page":"5","volume":"64","author":"Afzelius BA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr16-000348948809700308","first-page":"161","volume":"129","author":"Rossman CM","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr17-000348948809700308","first-page":"552","volume":"105","author":"Wiseman CL","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"bibr18-000348948809700308","first-page":"ll","volume":"64","author":"Fox B","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr19-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198502213120802"},{"key":"bibr20-000348948809700308","first-page":"203","volume":"82","author":"Sakakura Y","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac"},{"key":"bibr21-000348948809700308","first-page":"355","volume":"64","author":"Pedersen M","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr22-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.113877"},{"key":"bibr23-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/148.1.125"},{"key":"bibr24-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.51.1.254-262.1986"},{"key":"bibr25-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.40.2.125"},{"key":"bibr26-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(84)80093-X"},{"key":"bibr27-000348948809700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711090108"},{"key":"bibr28-000348948809700308","first-page":"429","volume":"100","author":"McDowell EM","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"bibr29-000348948809700308","first-page":"165","volume":"66","author":"Lungarella G","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr30-000348948809700308","first-page":"975","volume":"108","author":"Reilova-Velez J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"}],"container-title":["Annals of Otology, Rhinology &amp; 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