{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:50:00Z","timestamp":1793134200342,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,5,1]],"date-time":"1989-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":609984000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Eardrum (tympanic membrane) rupture in humans and animals in relation to various blast pressure-time patterns was reviewed. There were few systematic studies on eardrum rupture as a consequence of blast overpressure. Most reports did not describe the area of the eardrum destroyed. The peak overpressures required to produce a 50% incidence of eardrum rupture (P\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were summarized. Most of the animal data pertained to dogs. The highest P\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    for dogs, 296 kPa, was associated with smooth-rising overpressure. For complex wave patterns occurring inside open shelters subjected to nuclear blasts, the P\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    was 205 kPa. For fast-rising blasts in a shock tube it was 78 kPa, and 105 kPa for statically applied pressures. The duration of the overpressure was not a factor unless it was very short. The influence of the orientation of the head to the oncoming blast was demonstrated. An ear facing the blast may receive reflected overpressures several times that for one side-on to the blast. An ear on the downstream side of the head was exposed to about the same overpressure as the side-on ear. A P\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    for humans of 100 kPa and a threshold of 35 kPa has been used widely in blast criteria. A recent study suggests a threshold (P\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of about 20 kPa, and gives the overpressures required to produce minor, moderate, and major eardrum ruptures. These data were presented in the form of curves showing the overpressures as a function of duration required to inflict a P\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and a P\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of eardrum rupture of the three levels of severity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894890980s507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,13]],"date-time":"2017-01-13T06:48:28Z","timestamp":1484290108000},"page":"35-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Physical Correlates of Eardrum Rupture"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Donald R.","family":"Richmond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Royce","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Yelverton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yancy Y.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00034894890980S507","first-page":"158","volume":"2","author":"White CS","year":"1970","journal-title":"Space Life Sci"},{"key":"bibr2-00034894890980S507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb11972.x"},{"key":"bibr3-00034894890980S507","unstructured":"Blake PM, Douglas JBW, Krohn PL, Zuckerman S. Rupture of the ear-drums by blast. Ministry of Home Security Report BPC 43\/169\/WS21, Military Personnel Research Committee (Medical Research Council), Department of Human Anatomy, Oxford University, Oxford, England (undated)."},{"key":"bibr4-00034894890980S507","first-page":"109","volume":"52","author":"Zalewski T","year":"1906","journal-title":"Z Ohrenheilkd"},{"key":"bibr5-00034894890980S507","unstructured":"Richmond DR, Kilgore DE. Blast effects inside structures. Proceedings of the Second Conference on Military Applications of Blast Simulators, Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, Va, Nov 2\u20135, 1970, DNA-2775P, Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington, DC, 1972:781\u2013804."},{"key":"bibr6-00034894890980S507","volume-title":"The response of the human ear to blast. Part I: The effect on the ear drum of a \u201cshort\u201d duration, \u201cfast\u201d rising, pressure wave","author":"James DJ","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr7-00034894890980S507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulter GA. Blast wave loading of a two-dimensional circular cylinder. Memo report ARBRL-MR-03207, US Army Armament Research and Development Command, Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md, 1982.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA121600"},{"key":"bibr8-00034894890980S507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221510008018X"},{"key":"bibr9-00034894890980S507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5957.559"}],"container-title":["Annals of Otology, Rhinology &amp; Laryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00034894890980S507","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00034894890980S507","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:29:09Z","timestamp":1777375749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00034894890980S507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,5]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00034894890980S507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00034894890980s507","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4894","1943-572X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4894","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-572X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,5]]}}}